Functionalists theories on religion

• What do functionalists argue about the role of religion in society?


  Religion is a conservative force that has a positive function for society and individuals.
• How does religion contribute to social order according to functionalists?


  It helps to create social order and maintains the value consensus.
• Who are the key theorists mentioned in relation to the functions of religion?

  Durkheim, Parsons, Bellah, and Malinowski.
• What is the main argument of Malinowski regarding the function of religion?


  It performs an important function for the individual.
• What do all theorists agree on regarding religion's impact on society?


  Religion promotes stability and helps to preserve the status quo.
• What did Durkheim study to understand the function of religious beliefs?


  The religious beliefs of the Arunta, an Australian aboriginal tribe.
• Why did Durkheim choose to study what he considered a primitive religion?


  To focus on the essential elements of belief and its functions.
• How did Durkheim categorize objects and activities in religion?


  Into the sacred and the profane.
• What are considered sacred in the religion Durkheim studied?


  Various "totems".
• What are the four key functions of religion identified by Durkheim?


  1. Discipline: Imposes self-discipline on individuals.
  2. Cohesion: Brings the community together through worship.
  3. Vitalising: Maintains traditions and values across generations.
  4. Euphoric: Provides a sense of belonging to something larger.
• What does Durkheim conclude about collective worship?


  It signifies that society is worshipping itself.
• How did Durkheim view the trend of society becoming more secular?


  He recognized it but argued there was still a secular function for religious belief.
• What concept did Bellah develop in the 1960s regarding religion?


  Civil Religion.
• What example does Bellah use to illustrate civil religion?


  Americanism.
• What symbols are associated with American civil religion according to Bellah?


  The flag, the national anthem, and famous historical figures.
• How does Bellah argue civil religion functions similarly to traditional religion?


  It promotes social cohesion, order, stability, and prevents radical change.
• What does Talcott Parsons argue about religion's role in society?


  It integrates people into the value consensus.
• What ultimate questions does religion answer according to Parsons?


  Questions about suffering and the meaning of life.
• What did Malinowski study to understand the psychological function of religion?


  The religious practices of the Trobriand islanders.
• When did the Trobriand islanders practice religious ceremonies according to Malinowski?


  When fishing in dangerous waters.
• What psychological function does religion serve according to Malinowski?


  It helps individuals deal with anxiety and stress.
• What are the criticisms of functionalist views of religion?

  • Critiques by P. Worsley on Durkheim's study.
  • Theories are outdated and do not reflect modern religious diversity.
  • Religion can be a source of conflict in society.
• What was unique about Malinowski's study compared to other functionalists?


  It was a participant observation conducted over four years.
• What is a limitation of Malinowski's study from a positivist perspective?


  It was unreliable and conclusions could not be generalized.
• Why do some argue that describing "Americanism" as a religion stretches the definition of religion?


  It lacks a supernatural or divine element.
• How might "Americanism" still function similarly to religion?


  It carries out functions such as promoting social cohesion and stability.