Eukaryotic cell ultrastructure

• Are animal cells malleable?

  Yes in a controlled way
• Neucleolus (nucleus)


  Dense and darker stained, ribosomes are made here (rRNA)
• Chromatin (nucleus)


  Contains uncoiled chromosomes
• Nucleus


  Double membrane structure, nuclear pores (holes) for things to enter/leave
• Nuclear pores (nucleus)


  3000 of them, 40-100 nm, helps things enter and leave
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

  Folding membrane, ribosomes on the outside, flattened and rough membrane, makes and transports proteins, the sacks are cisternae
• Mitochondria

  Aerobic respiration, double membrane, folded inner membrane (cristae- larger SA), has own DNA (produces enzymes), matrix (fluid with enzymes, reactants and products)
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum


  No ribosomes, makes and stores lipids, carbohydrates and steroids (hormones)
• Golgi apparatus

  A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell
• Lysosome


  Breaks down things (old organelles, pathogens, cell death (apoptosis)
• PLANT- chloroplasts


  Double membrane, own DNA, thylakoid (flattened membrane), granum/grana (stacks of thylakoids), stroma (liquid), lamellae (joins grana)
• PLANT- tonoplast and permanent vacuole


  Maintains turgidity, contains pigment, membrane bound sack, minerals, sugars and amino acids
• PLANTS- Cell wall


  Cellulose, mechanical strength (prevents bursting), permeable (water transport)