module 5 (respiration)

• What is the process called that breaks down glucose to produce energy?

  Glycolysis
• What are coenzymes?

  A molecule which aids/assists an enzyme
• What are the products of glycolysis?

  2 pyruvate molecules, 2 reduced NAD, and a net gain of 2 ATP
• What is substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis?

  It is the process where 2 ATP molecules add 2 phosphate groups to glucose
• What happens to glucose phosphate during glycolysis?

  It splits into two triose phosphate (3C) molecules
• What occurs to the triose phosphate molecules in glycolysis?

  Both TP molecules are oxidised to form 2 pyruvate molecules
• How many ATP molecules are released during glycolysis?

  4 ATP molecules
• What is the role of NAD and FAD in respiration?

  They gain hydrogen to form reduced NAD (NADH) and reduced FAD (FADH)
• What does NADP gain in photosynthesis?

  Hydrogen to form reduced NADP (NADPH)
• What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?

  2 ATP
• What are the products of the link reaction per glucose molecule?

  2 acetylcoenzyme A molecules and 2 carbon dioxide molecules
• What happens to pyruvate in the link reaction?

  Pyruvate is oxidised to acetate, forming reduced NAD
• What does acetate combine with in the link reaction?


  Coenzyme A to form acetylcoenzyme A (2C)
• What is produced when acetylcoenzyme A combines with a 4C molecule?

  A 6C molecule that enters the Krebs cycle
• How many ATP molecules are used to phosphorylate glucose to glucose phosphate?

  2 ATP molecules
• How many ATP molecules are generated in the oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate?

  4 ATP molecules
• What is the role of reduced coenzymes in oxidative phosphorylation?


  They donate electrons to the electron transport chain
• What is the role of electrons in oxidative phosphorylation?

  Electrons pass down a series of electron carrier proteins, losing energy
• How is ATP made in oxidative phosphorylation?

  H+ moves through ATP synthase channels to create ATP
• What are the products of the Krebs cycle per glucose molecule?

  8 reduced coenzymes, 2 ATP, and 4 carbon dioxide
• What happens to protons (H+) and electrons in the mitochondrial matrix?

  They accumulate and release their protons and electrons
• What is generated by the energy released from electrons in the electron transport chain?

  An electrochemical gradient
• What is the role of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation?

  Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
• What happens when oxygen combines with protons and electrons?

  It forms water, enabling the electron transport chain to continue
• What occurs if there is a lack of oxygen during respiration?

  Electrons can’t be passed along the electron transport chain
• What is oxidation in terms of electron transfer?

  When a molecule loses hydrogen
• What is reduction in terms of electron transfer?


  A reaction where a molecule gains hydrogen
• What occurs during anaerobic respiration in animals?

  Pyruvate produced in glycolysis is reduced to form lactate
• What happens to reduced NAD during anaerobic respiration?

  It is oxidised to NAD so it can be reused in glycolysis
• How many ATP molecules are produced during anaerobic respiration in animals?

  2 ATP produced