Homework

• What are the two communication systems in the human body?

  The nervous system and the endocrine system
• What is the role of hormones in the endocrine system?

  They act as chemical messengers that produce a response in target tissues
• What is the function of glands in the endocrine system?

  They secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
• What are the main glands of the human endocrine system and their functions?

  • Pituitary gland: The master gland; secretes hormones to affect the body or stimulate other glands.
  • Pancreas: Secretes insulin; controls blood glucose levels.
  • Thyroid: Secretes thyroxine; controls metabolic rate, heart rate, and temperature.
  • Adrenal gland: Secretes adrenaline; involved in the 'fight or flight' response.
  • Ovary: Secretes oestrogen; involved in the menstrual cycle and female secondary sexual characteristics.
  • Testes: Secretes testosterone; involved in sperm production and male secondary sexual characteristics.
• How does the blood transport hormones in the endocrine system?

  The blood carries hormones to target organs or tissues where they exert their effects
• What are the two communication systems in the human body?

  The nervous system and the endocrine system
• How does the speed and duration of the hormonal system compare to the nervous system?

  The hormonal system is slower but acts for a longer duration
• What is the role of hormones in the endocrine system?

  They act as chemical messengers that produce responses in target tissues
• What is the role of glucose in the body?

  Glucose is needed by cells for respiration
• What is the function of glands in the endocrine system?

  They secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
• What happens to blood glucose levels after eating carbohydrate-rich foods?

  Blood glucose levels increase
• What are the main glands of the human endocrine system and their functions?

  • Pituitary gland: The master gland; secretes hormones to affect the body or stimulate other glands.
  • Pancreas: Secretes insulin; controls blood glucose levels.
  • Thyroid: Secretes thyroxine; controls metabolic rate, heart rate, and temperature.
  • Adrenal gland: Secretes adrenaline; involved in the 'fight or flight' response.
  • Ovary: Secretes oestrogen; involved in the menstrual cycle and female secondary sexual characteristics.
  • Testes: Secretes testosterone; involved in sperm production and male secondary sexual characteristics.
• What hormone does the pancreas produce when blood glucose levels are too high?

  Insulin
• How does the blood transport hormones in the endocrine system?

  The blood carries hormones to target organs or tissues where they exert their effects
• What effect does insulin have on muscle and liver cells?

  It causes glucose to move into muscle cells for respiration and converts excess glucose into glycogen in the liver
• How does the speed and duration of the hormonal system compare to the nervous system?

  The hormonal system is slower but acts for a longer duration
• What happens to blood glucose concentration when insulin is secreted?

  Blood glucose concentration is reduced
• What is the role of glucose in the body?

  Glucose is needed by cells for respiration
• What triggers the pancreas to produce glucagon?

  Decreased blood glucose levels
• What happens to blood glucose levels after eating carbohydrates?

  Eating carbohydrates increases glucose levels in the blood
• What effect does glucagon have on the liver?

  It causes glycogen to be broken down into glucose
• What hormone does the pancreas produce when glucose levels are too high?

  Insulin
• What is the result of glucagon's action on blood glucose concentration?

  Blood glucose concentration increases
• What are the effects of insulin on target organs?

  Insulin causes glucose to move into muscle cells and converts excess glucose into glycogen
• How is blood glucose concentration maintained in the body?

  • Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake and glycogen storage.
  • Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown.
  • Both hormones work in a negative feedback loop to maintain balance.
• What happens to blood glucose concentration when insulin is secreted?

  The blood glucose concentration is reduced
• What is a negative feedback loop in the context of blood glucose regulation?

  It is when a hormone is secreted to oppose changes in blood glucose levels
• What triggers the pancreas to produce glucagon?

  Glucose levels decrease
• What is Type 1 diabetes?

  It is when the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin
• What effect does glucagon have on the liver cells?

  Glucagon causes glycogen to be broken down into glucose
• What are the symptoms of Type 1 diabetes?

  High blood glucose levels, glucose in urine, and excessive thirst
• How is blood glucose concentration maintained?

  Through the actions of insulin and glucagon in a negative feedback loop
• How is Type 1 diabetes treated?

  With insulin injections at meal times and limiting simple carbohydrates intake
• What is a negative feedback loop in the context of blood glucose regulation?

  It is when a hormone is secreted to oppose changes in blood glucose levels
• What are some potential treatments being researched for Type 1 diabetes?

  Pancreas and pancreatic cell transplants, and genetically engineering pancreatic cells to produce insulin
• What is Type 1 diabetes?

  Type 1 diabetes is when the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin
• What is Type 2 diabetes?

  It is when body cells no longer respond to insulin
• What are the symptoms of Type 1 diabetes?

  Blood glucose levels can rise to a fatal amount, glucose is excreted with urine, and the individual becomes very thirsty
• What is a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes?

  Obesity
• How is Type 1 diabetes treated?

  It is treated with insulin injections at meal times and limiting simple carbohydrate intake