Behaviourism

• Classical conditioning - learning through association
• Classical conditioning - Pavlov's dogs :

  Before - unconditioned stimulus (UCS) = unconditioned response (UCR)

  During - neutral stimulus (NS) + UCS = UCR

  After - conditioned stimulus (CS) = conditioned response (CR)
• Spontaneous recovery - conditional response is not reinforced and thought to be extinguished but suddenly reappears
• Operant conditioning - learning through consequence
• Operant conditioning - Skinner's box :

  Rat / pigeon has 2 levers; 1 lever drops food; 1 lever shocks the floor; animal quickly learned not to press the one that shocked them; Skinner started switching the levers which led to learned helplessness
• Continuous reinforcement - desired behaviour is reinforced every single time it occurs
• Partial reinforcement - the response is reinforced only some of the time (weaker effect)
• Positive reinforcement - increasing the frequency of a desired behaviour by giving a pleasant consequence e.g. praising students for raising their hands
• Negative reinforcement - increasing the frequency of a desired behaviour by removing something unpleasant e.g. eating to remove the feeling of hunger
• Positive punishment - decreasing the frequency of a behaviour by giving an unpleasant consequence by adding something e.g. hitting to add pain
• Negative punishment - decreasing the frequency of a behaviour by giving an unpleasant consequence by removing something e.g. a parent removing a teenager's phone
• Punishment should be idiosyncratic (specific to that behaviour)
• Thorndike's 'Law of Effect' - Any behaviour that is rewarded will likely be repeated and any behaviour that is punished will be extinguished