1 Introduction to Immunohematology

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caila shane

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Immunohematology refers to serologic, genetic, biochemical, and molecular study of antigens associated with membrane structures on the cellular constituents of blood cells.
Antigens and Antibodies reaction is associated with blood cells
Blood banking refers to the process of collecting, separating, and storing blood.
Transfusion medicine is a subspecialty of clinical pathology or internal medicine that involves patient management through administration of blood and blood products.
Each blood product has a certain therapeutic indication. Transfusion medicine is used in treating patient using blood products.
RA 77190 is a republic act in which blood banking can be managed by clinical pathologist and hematologist
Bloodletting is one of the oldest medical practice and is linked to many cultures; it is used for curing sickness
Galen of Pergamon discovered that arteries are filled with blood and not air. He believed that blood do not circulate (which means it remains motionless until it becomes stagnant and is let out).
Humorism is the balance of four humors of the body, which are the:
blood
phlegm
black bile
yellow bile
Humorism is an excess or deficiency of any of four distinct bodily fluids in a person directly influences their temperament and health
Barber-Surgeons is a person who could bathe, cut hair, shave, or trim facial hair, give enemas as well as perform minor surgical procedures such as bloodletting, cupping therapy, and pulling teeth
Hirudo medicinalis is the most common medicinal leeches used in the history of bloodletting
In 1492, blood was taken from three young men and given to Pope Innocent VII/VIII through the mouth in the hope to cure him
In 1628, William Harvey discovered blood circulation.
In 1658, Jan Swammerdam observed and described red blood cells
In 1665, Richard Lower first recorded successful blood transfusion in dogs.
In 1667, Jean Baptiste, Denis, and Richard Lower had separate reports on successful blood transfusions from sheep to humans.
In 1818, James Blundell had his first successful transfusion of human blood
In 1869, Braxton Hicks recommended sodium phosphate as a non-toxic anticoagulant.
Sodium phosphate is the first anticoagulant to be used in blood transfusion
In 1873-1880, US physicians transfused milk from cows, goats, and humans.
In 1884, Saline infusion replaces milk as a blood substitute due to increased frequency of adverse reactions to milk
In 1900, Karl Landsteiner invented the ABO blood group system; he observed that there are some clumping.
In 1907, Ludvig Hektoen introduced cross matching between donors and patients.
In 1907, Reuben Ottenberg was the first to perform blood transfusion using blood typing and cross matching
In 1912, Roger Lee named Group O as the "universal blood donor", and group AB as "universal blood recipient"
In 1914, Long-term anticoagulants such as Na citrate, were developed for longer preservation of blood.
In 1915, Richard Lewisohn determined the minimum amount of citrate needed for anticoagulation.
In 1916, Francis Rous and J.R. Turner used citrate dextrose solution for blood preservation
Citrate removes calcium by binding to calcium to form insoluble salt
In 1939-1940, Karl Landsteiner, Alex Wiener, Philip Levine, and R.E. stetson invented the Rh blood group system
In 1941, Isodor Radvin treated victims of the Pearl Harbor attack with Cohn's albumin for shock
In 1943 J.F. Loutit and Patrick L. Mollison made the introduction of acid citrate dextrose.
Acid citrate dextrose has an expiry date of 21 days
In 1945, Coombs, Mourant, and Race used AHG to identify "incomplete" antibodies.
Non-agglutinating antibodies are the most clinically significant antibodies
In 1950, Audrey Smith used glycerol cryoprotectant for freezing red blood cells
In 1950, Carl Walter and W.P. Murphy used plastic bags for blood collection.
In 1961, the role of platelets is recognized in reducing mortality from hemorrhage among cancer patients.
In 1962, the first AHF concentrate was developed through fractionation