Seperation Techniques

• Filtration

  Seperation of insoluble/dispersed solids from fluid by filter medium that only lets fluids pass

  • for liquid & insoluble solid
• Distillation

  • Seperates components of soluble solid/liq mixture
  • Diff boiling pts
  • Simple & fractional distillation
  • Water comes from bottom to push all air bubbles out for more accurate condensation
• Simple distillation

  Used when boiling pts have a high diff (25 C)

  1. Substance w/ lower bp boils & becomes vapor
  2. Goes through condenser & cools
  3. Becomes liquid and falls
  4. Tadaaaaaaa

  B.E.C.S

  • boils, evaporates, condenses, seperates
• Fractional distillation

  Used when slight difference in boiling pt

  Fractional Distillation:

  • one w/ higher bp falls & go back to liquid
  • lower bp goes to condenser
  • everything else same
• Crystallization

  • Crystals are always pure
  • Process of forming crystalline material frm liq/gas/amorphous liq
  • Formation of such highly ordered structured prohibits foreign molecules from being incorporated in lattice
• Crystallization steps

  1. Pick suitable solution
  2. Make saturated solution (heat it)
  3. Filter
  4. Cool it
  5. Dry crystal
• Chromatography

  • Sationary & mobile phases
  • Draw base line with pencil
  • Load b4 putting in solution
  • Seperation happens cuz abssorptions are different
• Chroma purity criteria

  • One spot = pure
  • Multiple spots = mixture
• Chroma calculations

  Retention Factor (RF)

  • RF = distance traveled by spot / distance traveled by solvent
• Chroma for colorless mixtures

  Locating Agent:

  • for amino acids
  • binds to chemicals
  • produce color spots/glow under UV light