infraclasses mammalia

• From which group did mammals evolve more than 200 million years ago?

  Reptiles
• What distinguishes mammals from other animals in terms of embryonic development?


  Mammals have a membrane (amnion) protecting the embryo and lack a larval stage
• What type of thermoregulation do mammals exhibit?

  Endothermic
• What is the primary body structure of mammals based on their lifestyle?


  Primary tetrapods with a head, neck, thorax, tail, and four limbs
• What is the main body covering of mammals?

  Hair (Insulation, blending into surroundings, advertising, and sensory function) Moulting.
• What are the two main layers of mammalian skin?

  •epidermis (protection), dermis (nerve ending, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, blood vessels), fat layer (insulation, padding, energy storage, held together by fibrous tissue)
• What is the role of the dermis in mammals?

  Contains nerve endings, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and blood vessels
• What type of hair is found in mammals and what are its types?

  •Fur – down hair (undercoat, ground hair - podsada, thermoregulation) and guard hair (pesíky) (longer, coarser, visible layer, camouflage, protection), awn hair – (wavy) e.g.: on ear
• What is the function of down hair in mammals?

  Provides insulation and thermoregulation
• What is the function of guard hair in mammals?

  Provides camouflage and protection
• Body support in mammals:

  Fully ossified, Middle ear bones
• What are the three bones found in the middle ear of mammals?

  Malleus, incus, and stapes
• How is the muscular system of mammals characterized?


  Highly developed and differentiated, allowing for facial expressions
• •Digestive system in mammals: Tooth replacement. Prismatic enamel (sklovina). Specialized teeth (reflect their diet) Incisors, canines, premolars and molars.
• What are the specialized types of teeth found in mammals?

  Incisors, canines, premolars, and molars
• •Respiratory system in mammals: epiglottis (hrtanová prichlopka) flap behind the tongue prevent food from getting into a windpipe. Voice box – larynx
• What is the circulatory system of the mammals?

  Four-chambered heart with two ventricles and two atria
• What is the significance of endothermic regulation in mammals?

  It allows for stable body temperature - requires energy
• What type of excretory system do mammals possess?

  Metanephros
• How is waste processed in the mammalian excretory system?

  Excretory system: Metanephros. Filtered from blood and collected as urine in each kidney. •leaves by ureters – urinal bladder – leaves through urethra. Sweat glands.
• What is the role of sweat glands in mammals?

  They assist in thermoregulation and excretion
• What is the structure of the mammalian nervous system?

  •Possess a neocortex (set of layers in cerebral cortex) Complex system. Central NS and peripheral NS. Highly developed parental care.
• What is the function of the neocortex in mammals?

  It is involved in complex processing and higher brain functions
• How does the sensory system of mammals vary?

  It depends on the species
• What is the most developed system in mammals?

  The hormonal system
• •Reproduction in mammals: internal fertilization . May – oviparous, viviparous. Epigamic behaviour (tendency to attract the opposite sex during breeding) Oestrous cycle. Mammary glands –milk feeding. Most belong to placentals.
• What are the two reproductive strategies found in mammals?

  Oviparous and viviparous
• What is epigamic behavior in mammals?

  The tendency to attract the opposite sex during breeding
• What is the function of mammary glands in mammals?

  They provide milk feeding to offspring
• What is the primary mode of locomotion in mammals?

  Various types including running, hopping, climbing, flying, borrowing, and swimming
• What adaptations have evolved in carnivorans?

  Evolved hearing and vision
• How do the last upper premolar and the first lower molar function in carnivorans?

  They work together like carnassial teeth
• What types of diets do carnivorans have?

  Carnivores or omnivores
• What are some examples of felines?

  • Cat
  • Tiger
  • Lion
  • Cheetah
  • Jaguar
  • Panther
• What are some examples of bears?

  • Brown bear
  • Polar bear
  • Giant panda
  • Sloth bear
  • Asian black bear
• What are some examples of canids?

  • Domestic dog
  • Wolf
  • Fox
  • Jackal
  • Dingo
• What are some examples of mustelids?

  • Otter
  • Badger
  • Weasel
  • Marten
  • Ferret
  • Mink
  • Raccoon
  • Wolverine
• What is the infraclass of placentals?

  Eutheria
• What are two characteristics of placentals?

  Wide opening at the bottom of the pelvis and presence of the placenta
• What are the characteristics of monotremes?

  • Oviparous (egg-laying)
  • Only 3 species exist
  • Not completely endothermic
  • Mammary glands without nipples
  • Cloaca
  • Edentulous as adults (no teeth)
  • Limbs adapted for swimming or digging