Biology Topic 5

• What is the overall purpose of respiration?

  To produce ATP
• In which part of the cell does glycolysis occur?


  In the cytoplasm
• What is the second stage of photosynthesis called?

  The light independent reaction, also known as the Calvin cycle
• Where does the light independent reaction occur?

  In the stroma of the chloroplast
• Why does glycolysis occur in both anaerobic and aerobic respiration?

  Because it does not require oxygen
• What is the focus of the practical discussed in the video?

  Investigating the rate of dehydrogenase activity in extracts of chloroplasts
• What enzyme is involved in the Calvin cycle?

  Rubisco
• How many ATP molecules are used in the phosphorylation of glucose during glycolysis?

  Two ATP molecules
• What is the name of the practical being discussed?

  Investigating the rate of dehydrogenase activity in extracts of chloroplasts
• How does temperature affect the Calvin cycle?

  Temperature affects the rate of reaction because enzymes are temperature sensitive
• What is produced when glucose is phosphorylated?

  Glucose phosphate
• What is the purpose of the video for students?

  To help plan or write up the required practical
• What are the key molecules involved in the Calvin cycle?

  Carbon dioxide, reduced NADP, and ATP
• What happens to glucose phosphate after it is formed?

  It splits into two molecules of triose phosphate
• What are the main components of the practical setup?

  • Aim
  • Background
  • Hypothesis
  • Method
  • Results
  • Conclusion
  • Limitations
• What is the end product of the Calvin cycle?

  A hexose sugar, such as glucose
• What is triose phosphate?

  A three-carbon sugar with one phosphate group attached
• What happens when ATP is hydrolyzed in the Calvin cycle?

  It releases energy for the reaction
• What is the aim of the investigation?

  To find out what effects the addition of a variable has on the rate of dehydrogenase enzyme in chloroplasts
• What is the role of NAD in glycolysis?

  NAD picks up a hydrogen from triose phosphate and is reduced to NADH
• What role does reduced NADP play in the Calvin cycle?

  It donates a hydrogen atom to reduce GP
• What does GP stand for in the context of the Calvin cycle?

  Glycerate 3-phosphate
• What is the end product of the oxidation of triose phosphate?

  Pyruvate
• What variable is being changed in the experiment?

  Ammonium hydroxide
• How is TP formed from GP in the Calvin cycle?

  GP is converted into TP using ATP and reduced NADP
• How many molecules of ATP are produced during the oxidation of triose phosphate?

  Two molecules of ATP
• What is the predicted effect of ammonium hydroxide on dehydrogenase activity?

  It is predicted to decrease the rate of reaction
• What happens to one carbon atom from TP during the Calvin cycle?

  It is removed from the cycle to form useful organic substances
• What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?

  Two ATP molecules
• Why does the Calvin cycle need to regenerate RuBP?


  To allow the cycle to continue and process more carbon dioxide
• What is the role of the dehydrogenase enzyme in chloroplasts?

  It catalyzes reactions involved in NADP accepting electrons
• What happens to the two reduced NADH produced in glycolysis?

  They are used in the final step of oxidative phosphorylation
• What are some products that can be formed from glucose in plants?

  Disaccharides like sucrose, polysaccharides like cellulose, and lipids
• What is a limiting factor in photosynthesis?

  Anything that could reduce the rate of photosynthesis
• What are the key steps in glycolysis?

  1. Phosphorylation of glucose using two ATP molecules
  2. Splitting of glucose phosphate into two triose phosphate molecules
  3. Oxidation of triose phosphate to form pyruvate, producing two ATP and reducing NAD to NADH
• What is DCIP and its function in the experiment?

  DCIP is a redox indicator that changes color depending on whether it is oxidized or reduced
• How does temperature act as a limiting factor in the Calvin cycle?

  It affects enzyme activity, with too cold reducing kinetic energy and too hot causing denaturation
• What is the chemical formula for glucose?


  C₆H₁₂O₆
• How does carbon dioxide concentration affect the Calvin cycle?

  It is a reactant, and low concentrations limit the rate of photosynthesis
• What color does DCIP turn when it is oxidized and when it is reduced?

  DCIP is blue when oxidized and turns colorless when reduced