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EDUCATION WITH THEORY AND METHODS
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Cards (50)
Primary
sources
collect their
own
research
for their own purposes they try to obtain their own
first hand picture
Secondary
sources
uses data that
already
exists
and has been
collected
in which they can use for their
own
purposes
quantitative
data
information in
numeric
form
qualitative
data
information in a
variety
of forms that is
descriptive
and
rich
interpretivists
they prefer
qualitative
data and seek to
understand
peoples
meanings
and they
reject
the view that sociology can model itself on the
natural sciences
positivists
they prefer
quantitative
data and seek to discover the
patterns
of behaviour and see the sociology as a
science
consent
an
agreement
for example a
consent
form to get
permission
deception
the
nature
of the
study
is not fully
explained
debriefing
research gives an
overall summary
of the findings
protection from harm
duty
not to cause anyone
distress
for example
psychological
reliable
could the
study
be
repeated
and have the
same
outcome
representative
on a
large
scale and can
generalise
to the population
validity
a
truthful
and
in depth
insight of the study
what are the two types of
questionnaires
closed
open
what are
open questionnaires
respondents
are free to give whatever answer they wish in their
own
words without any
pre selected
answers being offered by the researcher
what are
closed questionnaires
respondents
must
choose from a limited range of
possible answers
that the
researcher
has decided in advance
strengths of questionnaires
open
questionnaires give
qualitative
data which is
easier
to
compare
data
closed
questionnaires give
quantitative
data so can
identify
patterns and
trends.
it can be done
over
again
as the
same
questions used which makes them
reliable
distributed on a
large
scale can
generalise
about school
cheap
quick
and
easy
to make send out and sometimes
analyse
limited
ethical
issues
positivists
prefer this
weaknesses
of
questionnaires
people may
lie
and
miss
questions
closed questions give
limited
answers
postal may be
costly
-
practical
issue
can cause
harm
and
distress
to a person e.g. a
sensitive
topic - ethical issue
interpretivists
don't like them due to a
lack
of opinion and no
validity
for example people could lie -
theoretical
what are
structured interviews
they have
tight
control over the questions it is similar to a
questionnaire
but
face
to face instead
what are
unstructured interviews
it sets a general
theme/topic
and is very
flexible
it is designed to provoke
in depth
answers
what is the
interviewer effect
people can
change
their
answers
which affects
validity
strengths of
structured interviews
practical
- it is easy to
compare
complete and answer
its
not
time
consuming
and
easy
to analyse
ethical
- the
interviewee
has
consented
to be there and has a
choice
of
words
theoretical -
positivists
like it because its
numeric
reliable
and
representative
can also
compare
the data
strengths of
unstructured interviewers
practical
- can ask
follow
up questions and give more
detail
ethical -
consented
and easy to
withdraw
theoretical -
interpretivists
would prefer as its more
truthful
and can ask
follow
up questions
weaknesses of
structured interviews
practical
- people can
misunderstand
the questions
can have a
lack
of
detail
ethical
-
confidentiality
. where does the information go? may have
sensitive
topics
that could be triggering
theoretical - can ask
follow
up questions it may not be a truthful answer
interpretivists
don't like
weaknesses of
unstructured interviews
practical
-
hard
to
complete
and
time
consuming
and can be harder to analyse
ethical -
sensitive
topics
theoretical -
positivists
don't like can be seen as
unreliable
and have
interviewer
bias
and
effect
interviewer bias
presence of the researcher
social
characteristics e.g. age
gender
could be
unrelatable
personal
characteristics e.g.
body
language tone of voice or an
eye
roll
could
change
the
answer
leading questions
how
a question is asked e.g. "
don't you agree that
" may be
biased
what are
observations
someone is
analysing
and
watching
someone's
behaviour
In a
group
setting
what is a
non participant observation
the
observer
simply
observes
the
group
or
event
without taking part in it
make
written notes
what is
participant observation
the
researcher
actually
takes
part
in an event of the group whilst
observing
it
questioning
whist observing
what is
overt observation
the
researcher
makes their
true identity
and
purpose
known
to the group
the group are
aware
they are being observed
consent
has been given
what is
covert observation
the study carried out is
undercover
and the
researchers
identity id
changed
and they become
fully
emerged
in the
group
they are
studying
non
participant
observation
strengths
practical -
time
effective and no reseracher skills are needed
ethical
-
limted
deception
consent
theoretical
- researcher
not
involved
postivists
would use
quantitative
data and
reliabilty
participation observation strengths
practical -
limited
skills
needed from reseracher
ethical
- no
deception
consent needed
theoretical
-
interpretivists
would
prefer
as it gives
more
detail
overt
participation
strengths
practical
- no
researcher
skills needed time
effective
ethical
- consent
needed
limited
deception
theoretical
-
positivists
would use
covert
observation strengths
practical
- more
information
could be obtained
theoretical -
interpretivists
would use because of the
validity
non participation
weaknesses
practical - biased from the researcher
subjective
eg behaviour
ethical -
consent
needed
theoretical -
interpretivists
less likely to use this type due to not being able to pick reason
participant obseravtion
weakness
practical -
time
consuming
ethical
-
consent
needed
theoretical
-
postivists
prefer as the method is not detached
overt observation
weakness
practical
-
biased researcher
ethical
- need consent
theoretical
-
interpretivists
would not like due to lack of validity and the
observer effect
which means a behavior change
covert observation
weaknesses
practical
-
time
consuming
as skills are needed from the researcher and accessing the group could be challenging
ethical
-
confidentiality
need
consent
maybe
distressing
for the reseracher as they need to get in say in and get out of the group
lab experiment's
the scientist
manipulates
the variables in which they are interested in order to discover what effect they have
independant
variable - looks at the possible
causes
dependant
variable - is the
effect
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