The chemistry of organic molecules

• Organic chemistry is the chemistry of living organisms
• inorganic chemistry id the chemistry of nonliving matter.
• Organic identify molecules and compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms.
• the main classes of biomolecules are Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
• A carbon Atom almost always form a covalent bond.
• Carbon acquires four electrons to complete its outer shell.
• Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as four other elements
• The carbon atom can form single, double, triple bonds and ring structures.
• A functional group is a specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that molecule.
• functional groups have distinct properties that influence the behavior of the entire molecule, such as its reactivity, polarity, and solubility.
• Isomers are organic molecules that have the same molecular formulas but different atomic arrangements.
• Monomer are The basic unit that can bond to other similar molecules to form a polymer.
• Polymer are A long chain of monomers bonded together.
• lipids are not polymers because they contain two different types of subunits
• Monosaccharides are the monomers of carbohydrates
• Dehydration synthesis occurs when two monosaccharides are joined together, releasing a molecule of water.
• The process of dehydration synthesis (also called a condensation reaction) is used to link monomers together to form polymers.
• Hydrolysis breaks down larger carbohydrate molecules into smaller units by adding water.
• enzymes acts as catalysts that allow the reaction to occur ot speed up the rate of the reaction
• Carbohydrates are used as an immediate energy source in living organisms.
• monosaccharides are assembled into long polymer chains called polysaccharides.
• Monosaccharides consist of only single sugar molecule.
• Monosaccharides are commonly called simple sugars
• Monosaccharides can have backbones of three to seven carbon.
• Glucose is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) and an important energy source for living organisms.
• glucose contains 6 carbon atoms.
• Glucose is the primary source of energy for cells. During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to produce ATP.
• disaccharide contains two monosaccharides that have joined during a dehydration reaction.
• Plants store glucose as starch.
• polysaccharides are long polymers of monosaccharides.
• polysaccharides are sometimes referred to as complex carbohydrates.
• polysaccharides function as short term energy storage molecules.
• Animals store glucose as glycogen.
• structural polysaccharides include cellulose in plants, chitin in animals and fungi, and pepridoglycan in bacteria.
• in chitin the monomer has an attached amino group.
• Nucleic acids store genetic information and help with protein synthesis, with ATP serving as the primary energy molecule in cells.
• Proteins perform a wide variety of functions, from catalyzing reactions to providing structure and defense.
• Carbohydrates like glucose provide immediate energy, while lipids store long-term energy and form cell membranes.
• Lipids are nonpolar molecules, meaning they are insoluble in water.
• Fats are solid at room temperature (e.g., butter), usually saturated (no double bonds between carbons).