summaries of all theories

• What does macro view society as being made up of?

  Different parts
• What are the main theories associated with macro perspectives?

  • Functionalism
  • Marxism
  • Feminism
  • Action theories
  • Postmodernism
• What is the distinction between macro and micro approaches in sociology?

  Macro focuses on society as a whole, while micro focuses on individual interactions.
• Who is associated with structural determinism?


  Althusser
• How does Gramsci's approach differ from Althusser's regarding determinism?

  Gramsci leans more towards anti-determinism compared to Althusser's structural determinism.
• What are the key explanations for human behavior according to the study material?

  • Primary socialization from family
  • Secondary socialization from media, religion, education
• What role does value consensus play in society?

  It helps to maintain social solidarity and social order.
• According to Marx, how are capitalist values taught to the proletariat?

  Through primary and secondary socialization.
• What is false class consciousness according to Marx?

  It is the belief that inequality is necessary, preventing a revolution.
• How does Althusser explain false class consciousness?

  It is established on economic, ideological, and political levels through the capitalist system.
• What concept does Gramsci introduce regarding the proletariat's submission?

  Hegemony, which keeps the proletariat submissive through ideas.
• What do liberal feminists believe about patriarchal attitudes?

  They are established through socialization and reinforced through the law.
• According to radical feminists, where are patriarchal attitudes present?

  In all areas of society.
• How do Marxist feminists view patriarchal attitudes?

  They are established by capitalism and shape people's behavior.
• What are the differences in feminist perspectives on womanhood and inequality?

  • Liberal: Patriarchal attitudes established through socialization.
  • Radical: Patriarchal attitudes present in all areas of society.
  • Marxist: Patriarchal attitudes established by capitalism.
  • Difference: Discourses of womanhood create stereotypes shaping inequality.
• What does Weber's social action theory emphasize?

  Levels of structure and levels of meaning in the classification of actions.
• What is symbolic interactionism based on?

  Actions are based on meanings developed through interactions.
• What does Garfinkel's ethnomethodology focus on?

  Individual behavior guided by their interpretation of situations.
• How does the concept of free will differ among various theories?

  Free will is viewed differently, with some theories emphasizing limitations by societal structures.
• What are the three key concepts mentioned in the study material?

  • Organic analogy
  • GAIL model
  • Value consensus
  • Social solidarity
  • Structural differentiation
  • Dynamic equilibrium
• What does Marx's historical materialism emphasize?

  The relationship between the economic base and the ideological superstructure.
• What are Althusser's concepts related to the state apparatus?

  Ideological State Apparatus (ISA) and Repressive State Apparatus (RSA).
• How does Gramsci describe the relationship between consent and coercion?

  He emphasizes the role of hegemony and dual consciousness in maintaining control.
• What are the strengths of structural theories like Marxism?

  • First theory to understand society.
  • Highlights exploitation.
  • Real impacts in communist states.
  • Clearly shows how capitalist structures manipulate behavior.
• What are the weaknesses of structural theories?

  • Rose-tinted view of society.
  • Assumes everyone has the same power.
  • Suggested a revolution that didn’t occur.
  • Not entirely relevant in today's society.
• How do liberal feminists view social change?

  They believe in legal reforms and campaigns to change social attitudes.
• What is the radical feminist perspective on free will?

  They view free will as limited by universal patriarchy.
• How do Marxist feminists view the relationship between capitalism and patriarchy?

  They argue that capitalism creates patriarchy and shapes behavior.