peace through war

• Zanker - 32-39 BC series of coins can be read as a narrative to match his topoi

  • Pax then Venus then Victoria
• Galinsky - "Peace and war were intrinsically linked in Augustan thinking"
• Beard - War and peace are part of the same concept and cannot be separated
• Taylor - "Augustus’ name included in the Salian Hymn implies that the safety of Rome rested on his shoulders, and so he was being honoured as a god"
• Baker - the standards had "become a trophy, an emblem of Parthian defiance"