states of matter and separation

• atom?

  the smallest particle of a chemical element that can exist
• molecule?

  a particle that consists of two or more atoms chemically bonded together
• element?


  a pure substance made up of only one kind of atom
• compound?

  a pure substance made up of more than one type of atom, chemically bonded together in fixed proportion
• mixtures?

  not a pure substance - contains more than one element or compound and can be separated
• solids?

  • strong force of attraction
  • fixed shape and volume
  • particles close formation
  • vibrate only - cannot move
• liquids?

  • weaker force of attraction to solids
  • random arrangement
  • close together particles
  • moving constantly - particles have more energy than solids
• gases?

  • zero force of attraction
  • fill any container - no defined shape or volume
  • constantly moving
  • random movement - most energy
• solid to liquid?

  melting
• liquid to gas?

  evaporating
• gas to liquid?


  condensing
• liquids to solids?

  freezing
• solid to gas?


  sublimation
• gas to solid?

  deposition
• diffusion experiment 1: potassium manganate and water?

  • add potassium manganate to water and see colour change from clear to purple
• diffusion experiment 2: ammonia and hydrogen chloride?


  • cotton wool soaked in hydrogen chloride at one end of glass tube
  • cotton wool soaked in ammonia at other end of glass tube
  • ring of ammonium chloride is made when they meet and react
• diffusion experiment 3: bromine gas?

  • glass tube of air in one half and other half bromine gas - glass plate separating the two
  • remove glass plate and watch them diffuse = bromine gas diffuses to air
• solvent?


  the liquid in which a solute dissolves
• solute?

  the substance that dissolves
• solution?

  the liquid formed by a solvent and solute
• saturated solution?

  a solution no more solute can dissolve into
• simple distillation?

  • used to separate a liquid from a solution
  • use a condenser to cool vapour of liquid
  • distillate = original solution
• fractional distillation?

  • like normal distillation - used to separate liquids with similar boiling points
• filtration?

  • used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid
  • mixture poured into filter paper and solid is left behind in paper as residue
  • liquid is now called a filtrate
• crystallisation?

  • used to obtain a salt from a salt solution
  • heat solution over Bunsen burner in evaporating basin to remove some water
  • dip glass rod in until crystals form - shows saturated solution has formed
  • leave to cool and filter to remove crystals - dry in warm place
• paper chromatography?

  • used to separate parts of a mixture into components
  • coloured mixture (like ink) is dissolved in a solvent on a base line and runs up paper - use pencil so doesn't run
  • solvent rises up paper and carries mixture up paper
• chromatogram?

  • made via chromatography
  • different dyes run different distance up paper = height can determined what solution it is
• Rf values?

  Rf = B/A

  
  

  B = distance die from baseline

  A = distance solvent travelled from baseline