U1L2

• When were police officers known to exist in ancient Egypt and China?

  As far back as 4000 BC
• What was the role of the "Praetorian Guard" in the Roman Empire?

  They had definite police functions in dealing with the populace of Rome
• What period is referred to as the Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing?

  600-1006 AD
• What was the significance of the Anglo-Saxon tribes migrating to Britain?

  They settled in small tribal areas called "tuns" and established local governments
• How did the concept of policing change during the Anglo-Saxon period?

  Every person was charged with keeping the peace, making them all policemen
• What is the "Hue and Cry" in the context of Anglo-Saxon policing?

  A method of apprehending a criminal using law-abiding citizens
• What were the key features of the "Hue and Cry" method?

  • Involves the community in law enforcement
  • Suspects brought before a Royal Judge
  • Punishments varied based on the crime
  • the perp. when caught, is not allowed to say a word in defense
  • perp. will be hanged in the nearest tree after testimony
• What was the purpose of "Trial by Ordeal"?

  To determine guilt or innocence through dangerous experiences
• What are the types of "Trial by Ordeal" mentioned?

  • Ordeal by fire
  • Ordeal by water
  • Ordeal by hot iron
• How did the "Ordeal by Water" determine guilt or innocence?


  If the accused sank, they were innocent; if they floated, they were guilty
• What significant change occurred during the Norman Period of Policing?

  Crime was redefined as being committed against the state
• What were the "Shires" in the Norman Period?

  Military areas in England managed by trusted lieutenants
• What does the term "Reeve" refer to in the context of Norman policing?


  The head-man in charge of a Shire
• How did the role of the "Constabuli" evolve during the Norman Period?


  They were appointed to assist the Reeve in law enforcement duties
• What was the significance of the "Leges Henrici" issued by King Henry?


  It established public police and defined felonies and misdemeanors
• What was the role of the "Grand Jury" created around 1215?

  To inquire into the facts of a crime
• What was the impact of the "Magna Carta" signed on June 12, 1215?

  It limited the power of the king and established rights for individuals
• What does Article 39 of the Magna Carta state?

  No freeman shall be imprisoned without legal judgment
• What was the significance of the law regarding "corpus delicti" during this period?

  No man should be tried for murder without proof of the victim's body
• Why is the period from 1285-1500 called the Westminster Period?

  Because laws on policing originated from Westminster
• What was the purpose of the statute of 1225 regarding city gates?

  To enforce law by controlling entry and exit of undesirable people
• What was established around 1361 to improve law enforcement?

  The Justice of the Peace
• What powers were granted to the Justices of the Peace?

  Authority to pursue, arrest, chastise, and imprison law violators
• What was the outcome of the Justice of the Peace system after 75 years?

  It failed and was abolished
• What was the purpose of the "Courts of the Star-Chamber" established in 1487?

  To try offenders against the state
• What powers did judges in the Star-Chamber possess?


  They could force testimony from defendants
• What was the impact of the "Merchant Police" established around 1500?

  Merchants began employing guards to protect their property
• What was the role of the "Parochial Police"?

  To protect property within religious parishes
• What significant change occurred in 1655 under Oliver Cromwell?

  England and Wales were divided into 12 military districts
• What was the role of the "Provost Marshall" during this period?

  To act as judges and oversee military districts
• What was the purpose of the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679?


  To combat indiscriminate jailing without trial
• What rights did the Habeas Corpus Act provide to prisoners?


  They could urge to know the cause of their imprisonment
• When was the English Bill of Rights enacted?


  December 16, 1689
• What fundamental rights did the English Bill of Rights establish?


  It outlawed excessive bail and cruel punishments
• What was the significance of the "Doctrine of Protection Against Self-Incrimination" in the Bill of Rights?


  No man could be forced to give evidence against himself
• What year did the Bow Street Runners begin operating?


  1749
• What were the key developments in policing from the Anglo-Saxon Period to the English Bill of Rights?

  • Establishment of community policing (Hue and Cry)
  • Introduction of Trial by Ordeal
  • Creation of the Grand Jury
  • Signing of the Magna Carta
  • Formation of the Justice of the Peace
  • Enactment of the Habeas Corpus Act
  • Ratification of the English Bill of Rights
• What law was passed that restricted police from taking prisoners far from their relatives?


  The law prohibited police from taking a prisoner to several countries or provinces away from his relatives.
• Who were the co-rulers of England after the overthrow of King James II?

  William III and Mary II
• What does the English Bill of Rights outlaw regarding police tactics?


  It outlawed "third-degree" tactics.