deprivation and institutionalisation

• separation is absence of caregiver for shorter periods, unlikely to cause psychological harm, unless it is regular and child won't form attachment
• deprivation is long/permanent loss of something needed, attachment is formed and lost
• deprivation affects child

  inability to form lasting relationships later

  causes affectionless psychopathy, inability to feel remorse

  delinquency, behavioural problem in adolescence

  problems with cognitive development
• Bowlby 44 juvenile thieves procedure

  aim to gain understanding of effect of maternal deprivation

  case study on background of 44 adolescents who were referred to delinquency clinic for stealing, group compared to 44 delinquents who were not thieves

  data collected using interviews and questionnaires
• bowlby 44 juvenile thieves results

  17 of the thieves experienced frequent separation from mother before age 2

  14 of these diagnosed with affectionless psychopathy

  deprivation has long term consequences, harmful
• bowlby study evaluation

  case study so in depth qualitative data

  small sample size so cannot generalise

  retrospective data in unreliable, inaccurate

  affectionless psychopathy may be due to biology, social class
• maternal deprivation theory evaluation

  RWA bowlby impacted child rearing practices, visiting times in hospital

  socially sensitive

  supporting research of czech twins
• czech twins study- koluchova 1976

  mother died soon after birth

  father remarried, cruel stepmother locked in cellar

  beaten and had no toys from 18 months to 7 years of age

  at age 7 had little social and intellectual development but made progress and had above average intelligence and good social relationships
• institution conditions

  filthy, dark, overcrowded, poor hygiene

  deprived of basic human rights

  difficult to adapt to normal life even after being adopted
• institutionalisation

  particular place dedicated to particular task

  orphanages where children are orphans or waiting for adoption
• privation

  child who has never had attachment to its mother or caregiver
• bucharest early intervention Zeenan et al 2005 procedure

  sample approximately of 100 children, 12-31 months

  90% spent most of life in orphanage compared to control who were never institutionalised

  used strange situation to measure attachment type
• bucharest early intervention zeenan et al 2005

  74% of control secure

  19% of institutionalised secure

  65% of institutionalised disinhibited
• Rutter et Al 2011

  165 Romanian orphans adopted by british families compared to 52 UK adoptees

  longitudinal study at ages 4, 6, 11
• rutter et al results

  when adopted before 6mths, 102 IQ and normal social development

  when adopted 6mths-2yrs, 82 IQ and disinhibited attachment

  when adopted 2 years +, 77 IQ

  correlation between time institutionalised and development

  can develop normally if before 6 months
• disinhibited attachment

  clingy, attention seeking, no discrimination between familiar and unfamiliar
• rutter et al 2011 evaluation

  longitudinal so in depth but drop outs

  correlation not causation

  low population validity as smaller Romanian sample than UK

  RWA several staff doing handover means attachment cannot form, fewer consistent caregivers
• Hodges and Tizard 1989

  longitudinal study- 65 children in residential nursery before 4 months

  did not form attachment

  adopted by 4 years: strong family and peer relationship

  stay in nursery: weak family and peer relationship

  children can recover from institutionalisation if in loving environment before 6 months, social development may not be as good as those who have never suffered privation