Chem - Structure & Bonding

• What are the three states of matter?

  Solid, liquid, and gas
• What must happen for a substance to change from one state to another?

  Energy must be transferred
• What happens to particles during melting?

  Particles gain energy, resulting in the breaking of some attractive forces
• What is required to evaporate or boil a liquid?

  More energy is needed to overcome the remaining chemical bonds between particles
• What is the difference between boiling and evaporation?

  Evaporation occurs at the surface, while boiling forms bubbles throughout the liquid
• What determines the amount of energy needed for a substance to change state?

  The strength of the attractive forces between particles
• How do strong attractive forces between particles affect melting and boiling points?

  Stronger forces require more energy to break, resulting in higher melting and boiling points
• How are particles arranged in a solid?

  Particles are arranged in a regular pattern and tightly packed together
• What is the kinetic energy level of particles in a solid?

  Particles in a solid have a low amount of kinetic energy
• Why can solids not flow like liquids?

  Solids have a fixed shape and tightly packed particles
• Can the particles in a solid be compressed?

  No, because the particles are very close together
• How are particles arranged in a liquid?

  Particles are randomly arranged and can move around each other
• What is the kinetic energy level of particles in a liquid compared to a solid?

  Particles in a liquid have a greater amount of kinetic energy than in a solid
• Why can liquids flow and take the shape of their container?

  Because the particles can move around each other
• Can the particles in a liquid be compressed?

  No, because the particles are close together
• How are particles arranged in a gas?

  Particles are randomly arranged and far apart from one another
• What is the kinetic energy level of gas particles compared to solids and liquids?

  Gas particles have the highest amount of kinetic energy
• Why can gases flow and fill their container?

  Because the particles can move in any direction
• Can gas particles be compressed?

  Yes, because there is empty space for particles to move into
• What is a limitation of the particle model regarding chemical bonds?

  The chemical bonds between particles are not represented in the diagrams
• How are particles represented in the particle model?

  Particles are represented as solid spheres
• What is true about the nature of particles like atoms?

  Particles like atoms are mostly empty space
• How can you identify the physical state of a substance based on temperature?

  If the temperature is lower than the melting point, it is solid; between melting and boiling points, it is liquid; above boiling point, it is gas

  
• What are the state symbols used in chemical equations?

  Solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g), aqueous (aq)
• What are aqueous solutions?

  Aqueous solutions are formed when a substance is dissolved in water
• What are ions?

  Ions are charged particles that can be positively or negatively charged
• How does an element become an ion?

  When it loses or gains electrons
• What happens to metals when they become ions?

  Metals lose electrons to become positively charged
• What happens to non-metals when they become ions?

  Non-metals gain electrons to become negatively charged
• Which groups of elements typically lose or gain electrons?

  Group 1 and 2 elements lose electrons; Group 6 and 7 elements gain electrons
• What occurs during metallic bonding?

  Positive metal ions are surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons
• What are the characteristics of metallic bonding?

  There are strong electrostatic forces of attraction between positive metal ions and negatively charged electrons
• What type of bonding occurs between a metal and a non-metal?

  Ionic bonding
• What happens to electrons during ionic bonding?


  Electrons are transferred from one atom to another
• What is the nature of the attraction in ionic bonding?


  It is an electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
• What structure is formed in ionic bonding?


  A giant lattice structure
• What is the melting point characteristic of ionic compounds?


  Ionic compounds have a high melting point
• Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved or molten?


  Because ions are free to move and carry a charge
• What type of bonding occurs between non-metals?

  Covalent bonding
• What is the main feature of simple molecular (covalent) compounds?


  They involve the sharing of electrons