Biology paper 1

• the equation for magnification


  magnification equals the size of image divided by size of real object
• Explain what a non-communicable disease is


  it is not caused by a pathogen so it is not passed from person to person
• Explain how Coronary heart disease can cause a heart attack


  The blood flow can be reduced so less oxygen reaches the heart muscles so the heart muscles cannot respire
• What is a medical risk factor for developing coronary heart disease (CHD)?

  High blood pressure
• Name a lifestyle risk factor that increases the chance of developing CHD.

  Smoking
• How does smoking contribute to the risk of developing CHD?

  It leads to high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and fatty deposition.
• What is the relationship between obesity and CHD?

  Obesity is linked to lack of exercise, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, fatty deposition, and diabetes.
• How does lack of exercise affect the risk of CHD?

  Lack of exercise contributes to obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes.
• What dietary factors increase the risk of developing CHD?

  A high-fat diet and insufficient fruit and vegetable intake increase the risk.
• How does alcohol consumption relate to CHD risk?

  Alcohol can lead to high blood pressure and high cholesterol.
• What is the effect of high salt intake on CHD risk?

  High salt intake is associated with high blood pressure.
• How do genetic factors influence the risk of CHD?

  Genetic factors can lead to high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and obesity.
• How can medications affect the risk of developing CHD?

  Medications can affect blood pressure, blood vessels, and metabolism.
• What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

  endothermic
• What gas is released by sodium hydrogencarbonate solution for the pondweed?

  Carbon dioxide
• What is the method used to measure the rate of photosynthesis in pondweed?

  1. Place the pondweed at 5 cm from the light source.
  2. Count the number of bubbles produced in 1 minute.
  3. Repeat with the pondweed at 10 cm and 20 cm from the light source.
• Why is counting the number of bubbles produced in 1 minute not an accurate way to measure the rate of photosynthesis?

  It does not provide a precise measurement of gas volume released.
• What are two ways to improve the accuracy of measuring the rate of photosynthesis?

  • Measure the volume of gas released.
  • Increase the length of time for measurement.
• What equipment can be used to measure gas released in the photosynthesis experiment?

  • Measuring cylinder
  • Capillary tube
  • Gas syringe
• How can the accuracy of bubble counting be improved during the investigation?

  • Video the investigation to recount bubbles later.
  • Repeat the measurement several times at each distance and calculate a mean.
• What is the purpose of repeating the experiment at different distances from the light source?

  To observe how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis.
• What is a characteristic of the LED light source?

  The LED light source does not get hot.
• Why is it important for the pondweed to remain at a constant temperature?

  Because temperature affects the rate of photosynthesis.
• How does temperature influence the rate of bubble production in the context of photosynthesis?

  Temperature affects the rate of bubble production because the reaction is controlled by enzymes.
• What role do enzymes play in the process of photosynthesis as mentioned in the study material?

  Enzymes control the reaction of photosynthesis.
• What is one reason why the actual number of cases of measles in England and Wales might be higher than the number of medically confirmed cases?

  Not everyone would go to the doctor
• Why does vaccinating a large proportion of the population reduce the spread of the measles virus?

  Most people are immune, reducing the chance of exposure for non-immune individuals
• What are the differences in antibody production after vaccine injection compared to exposure to the measles virus?

  After exposure, a greater number of antibodies are produced sooner and stay longer
• Where in a plant are stem cells found?

  In the meristem
• What is one economic use of plant stem cells?

  To produce large numbers of identical plants
• What happens in each of the three stages of the cell cycle?

  • Stage 1: Cell growth and DNA replication
  • Stage 2 (Mitosis): Chromosomes move to each end and the nucleus divides
  • Stage 3: Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two identical cells
• What is one advantage of therapeutic cloning in medical treatments?

  It may be used to cure or treat diseases
• Why are cells produced through therapeutic cloning unlikely to be rejected by the patient?

  Because they are produced from the patient's own cells
• What are two disadvantages of therapeutic cloning in medical treatments?

  Potential life is destroyed and there is a shortage of donors
• What is a potential risk associated with egg donation for therapeutic cloning?

  Egg donation has risks associated with the collection process
• What is a possible consequence of therapeutic cloning regarding viral infections?

  There is a risk of transferring viral infections
• What is a challenge related to the success rate of therapeutic cloning?

  There is a poor success rate in producing viable eggs or embryos
• How does previous exposure to a pathogen affect antibody production after vaccination?

  White blood cells recognize the pathogen and produce specific antibodies more quickly