approaches in psychology

• What is classical conditioning?

  Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and eventually elicits a similar response.
• Who first described classical conditioning?

  Ivan Pavlov
• What type of behaviors does classical conditioning involve?

  Involuntary or reflexive behaviors
• What results from classical conditioning?

  Learned responses to previously neutral stimuli.
• What is an example of classical conditioning?

  When a dog learns to salivate at the sound of a bell because it has been paired with food.
• What are the key components of classical conditioning?

  1. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): Naturally triggers a response (e.g., food). 2. Unconditioned Response (UCR): Automatic response to UCS (e.g., salivation). 3. Neutral Stimulus (NS): Initially does not trigger a response (e.g., bell). 4. Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Previously neutral stimulus that triggers a learned response (e.g., bell after conditioning). 5. Conditioned Response (CR): Learned response to CS (e.g., salivation in response to bell).
• In Pavlov's experiment, what was the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)?

  Food
• What was the Unconditioned Response (UCR) in Pavlov's experiment?

  Salivation
• What is operant conditioning?

  Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behavior is modified through consequences.
• Who developed operant conditioning?

  B.F. Skinner
• What type of behaviors does operant conditioning involve?

  Voluntary behaviors
• What is the main principle of operant conditioning?

  Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated.
• What are the key components of operant conditioning?

  1. Reinforcement: Increases likelihood of behavior. - Positive Reinforcement: Adding a desirable stimulus. - Negative Reinforcement: Removing an undesirable stimulus. 2. Punishment: Decreases likelihood of behavior. - Positive Punishment: Adding an undesirable stimulus. - Negative Punishment: Removing a desirable stimulus. 3. Schedules of Reinforcement: Patterns of delivering reinforcement.
• What is positive reinforcement in the context of operant conditioning?

  Adding a desirable stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated
• What is reinforcement in behavioral psychology?

  Consequences that increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
• What is positive reinforcement?

  Adding a desirable stimulus.
• What is negative reinforcement?

  Removing an undesirable stimulus.
• What is punishment in behavioral psychology?

  Consequences that decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
• What is positive punishment?

  Adding an undesirable stimulus.
• What is negative punishment?

  Removing a desirable stimulus.