long term memory

• types of LTM: what is episodic memory?

  personalised memories of events
• types of LTM: how are episodic memories recalled?

  they are created as long term memories and can later be retrieved for conscious inspection
• types of LTM: what are the three elements of episodic memories?

  details of the event (time and place)

  context

  emotion
• types of LTM: are episodic memories declarative?

  yes, as we are consciously aware of them.
• types of LTM: what is semantic memory?

  memories involving factual knowledge and concrete information ie: that grass is green. it is independent of personal experience, although they usually begin as episodic memories.
• types of LTM: are semantic memories declarative?

  yes, as we are consciously aware of them.
• types of LTM: what is procedural memory?

  memories relating to performing procedures (motor skills) ie : riding a bike
• types of LTM: what is procedural memory helpful for?

  musicians, athletes, learning languages. improved through repetition and practice.
• types of LTM: are procedural memories declarative?

  no, as they do not require conscious awareness
• what are the three evaluation points for types of LTM? (AO3)

  1. HM case study
  2. brain scans
  3. interaction between LTM types
• evaluation (AO3) long term memories: HM case study

  after the removal of his hippocampi, HM was unable to form many long-term memories. however, over 3 days, HM was able to improve a procedural memory for a mirror-drawing task and completing drawings, although being unable to recall doing them. this shows that the formation of episodic and sematic memories are different to procedural. these results cannot be generalised
• evaluation (AO3) long term memories: brain scan


  support shows that different areas of the brain are active when different types of LTM are active. this shows that the 3 types of LTM are separate. tulving discovered that the hippocampi, temporal, and pre-frontal cortex is associated with episodic memory, the cerebellum is associated with procedural, and the left pre-frontal cortex is associated with semantic memory.
• evaluation (AO3)LTM: brain scan- what part of the brain is associated with episodic memory?

  hippocampus, and parts of the temporal and frontal lobes
• evaluation (AO3) LTM: brain scan- what part of the brain is associated with procedural memory?

  the cerebellum
• evaluation (AO3) LTM: brain scan- what part of the brain is associated with semantic memory?

  left inferior prefrontal cortex
• evaluation (AO3) LTM: brain scan- who discovered this theory?

  tulving
• evaluation (AO3) long term memories: interactions between LTM types

  despite LTM types being independent of one another, many tasks requires interaction between them, for example driving a car. therefore, distinguishing between the 3 types of LTM can be challenging due to their interactions.