Paper Chromatography

• What analytical technique is used to separate different substances in a mixture?

  Chromatography
• What is the purpose of paper chromatography?

  To separate different dyes in an ink for identification
• What are the two phases involved in chromatography?

  • Mobile phase: the substance that molecules can move in (liquid or gas)
  • Stationary phase: the substance that molecules cannot move in (solid or thick liquid)
• What is the first step in performing paper chromatography?

  Draw a baseline near the bottom of the filter paper using a pencil
• Why is it important not to submerge the pencil line in the solvent during chromatography?

  To prevent the ink sample from dissolving into the solvent before the experiment starts
• What is the term for the pattern of spots left after chromatography is complete?

  Chromatogram
• How do different dyes in a mixture behave during paper chromatography?

  They travel up the paper at different rates, leading to separation
• What happens to chemicals that are not soluble in the solvent during chromatography?

  They remain on the baseline and do not move up the paper
• What defines the mobile phase in paper chromatography?

  The mobile phase is the solvent in which the molecules can move
• What defines the stationary phase in paper chromatography?

  The stationary phase is the filter paper that the molecules cannot move in
• How does the solubility of a chemical affect its movement in chromatography?

  More soluble chemicals spend more time in the mobile phase and move faster
• What is the formula for calculating the rf value in chromatography?

  rf value = distance travelled by the substance / distance travelled by the solvent
• If a pink substance travels 6 cm and the solvent travels 10 cm, what is the rf value?

  $0.6$
• What happens to the chromatogram when a pure substance is used in chromatography?

  It will not separate and will show a single spot
• How can changing the solvent or type of paper affect the chromatography results?

  It can change the appearance of the chromatogram and the rf values
• Why must a chemist consider the solvent and paper type when looking up rf values?

  Because different solvents and papers can yield different chromatograms and rf values
• What are the steps involved in performing paper chromatography?

  1. Draw a baseline on filter paper.
  2. Add the ink sample to the baseline.
  3. Prepare a shallow solvent in a beaker.
  4. Place the filter paper in the solvent without submerging the baseline.
  5. Cover the beaker to prevent evaporation.
  6. Wait for the solvent to rise and separate the dyes.
  7. Remove the paper and let it dry to observe the chromatogram.
• What analytical technique is used to separate different substances in a mixture?

  Chromatography
• What is the purpose of paper chromatography?

  To separate different dyes in an ink
• What are the steps involved in performing paper chromatography?

  1. Draw a baseline on filter paper with pencil.
  2. Add the ink sample on the baseline.
  3. Fill a beaker with a shallow amount of solvent.
  4. Place the filter paper in the solvent without submerging the baseline.
  5. Cover the beaker to prevent evaporation.
  6. Wait for the solvent to rise and separate the dyes.
  7. Remove the paper and let it dry to observe the chromatogram.
• What is the baseline in paper chromatography?

  A pencil line drawn near the bottom of the filter paper
• Why is it important not to submerge the pencil line in the solvent?

  To prevent the ink sample from dissolving before the chromatography process begins
• What is a chromatogram?

  The pattern of spots left on the paper after chromatography
• What are the mobile and stationary phases in chromatography?

  The mobile phase is the solvent, and the stationary phase is the filter paper
• How do different dyes move during paper chromatography?

  They travel at different rates based on their solubility in the solvent
• What happens to dyes that are not soluble in the solvent during chromatography?

  They remain on the baseline
• What determines how far each chemical travels up the paper?

  The properties of the substance and its solubility in the solvent
• What is the formula for calculating the rf value in chromatography?

  $rf =$$\frac{\text{distance travelled by the substance}}{\text{distance travelled by the solvent}}$
• If a pink substance traveled 6 cm and the solvent traveled 10 cm, what is the rf value?

  $0.6$
• What happens when chromatography is performed with a pure substance?

  It will not separate and will show a single spot on the chromatogram
• How can the chromatogram change if different solvents or papers are used?

  The chromatogram may look different and the rf value will also change
• Why must a chemist consider the solvent and paper type when looking up an rf value?

  Because the rf value can vary based on the mobile and stationary phases used
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