carbohydrates

• condensation reaction


  2 molecules are joined together with the removal of water
• hydrolysis reaction

  uses water to split the molecules apart
• alpha glucose

  .

  A) H

  B) HO

  C) O

  D) H

  E) OH

  F) 1

  G) 2

  H) 3

  I) 4

  J) 5

  K) 6

  
• beta glucose

  .

  A) H

  B) HO

  C) O

  D) OH

  E) H

  F) 1

  G) 2

  H) 3

  I) 4

  J) 5

  K) 6

  
• isomer


  molecules with the same chemical formula but the atoms are arranged differently
• the monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made

  monosaccharides
• 3 monosaccharides

  glucose, galactose, fructose
• what does a condensation reaction between to monosaccharides form

  a glycosidic bond
• what are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides


  disaccharides
• disaccharides are joined by a..

  glycosidic bond
• glucose + glucose -->

  maltose
• glucose + galactose -->

  lactose
• glucose + fructose -->

  sucrose
• what happens when two monosaccharides join together

  .

  A) H₂O

  B) condensation

  C) glycosidic bond forms

  D) disaccharide

  E) O

  F) OH

  G) OH

  
• what are formed by the condensation of many glucose units


  polysaccharides
• 3 polysaccharides

  starch, cellulose, glycogen
• how is starch formed

  condensation of ⍺ glucose
• how is glycogen formed

  condensation of ⍺ glucose
• how is cellulose formed

  condensation of β glucose
• starch linkage

  C1-4 (amylose) & C1-6 (amylopectin)
• glycogen linkage

  C1-4 & C1-6
• cellulose linkage

  C1-4 and the OH group on C1 is flipped every other molecule
• what reaction forms polysaccharides and what bond is formed

  condensation, glycosidic
• function of cellulose


  structure strength for cell wall
• location of cellulose

  cell wall; plants
• structure of cellulose

  forms long straight chains held in parallel by hydrogen bonds to form fibrils- give a high tensile strength
• how is cellulose adapted to its function

  many hydrogen bonds creates a collective strength, insoluble: won't affect water potential
• function of starch

  acts as a store of glucose
• location of starch

  plant cells
• structure of starch

  it has 2 polymers: amylose (an unbranched helix) & amylopectin (a branched molecule)
• how is starch adapted to its function

  helix can compact (fits lots of glucose in a small area), branched (inc surface area for rapid hydrolysis back to glucose), insoluble (won't affect the water potential of the cell)
• function of glycogen

  acts as a store of glucose
• location of glycogen

  animals- muscle & liver cells
• structure of glycogen

  a highly branched molecule
• how is glycogen adapted to its function

  branched structure (inc surface area for rapid hydrolysis back to glucose), insoluble (won't affect water potential)