Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells

• What are examples of eukaryotic cells?

  Animal and plant cells
• What are the three main components that all eukaryotic cells have?

  A cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material enclosed in a nucleus
• What is the chemical that makes up the genetic material in eukaryotic cells?

  DNA
• What structures are formed by DNA in eukaryotic cells?

  Chromosomes
• Which organisms are classified as eukaryotes?

  Animals, plants, fungi, and protista
• What type of organisms are bacteria classified as?

  Prokaryotes
• How do the sizes of prokaryotes compare to eukaryotes?

  Prokaryotes are 1-2 orders of magnitude smaller than eukaryotes
• How many bacteria could fit on a full stop at the end of a sentence?


  Hundreds of thousands
• Why can't individual bacteria be seen without a powerful microscope?

  Because they are too small
• What happens when you culture bacteria on an agar plate?

  You grow many millions of bacteria
• What components do bacteria have?

  Cytoplasm, a cell membrane, and a cell wall
• What is different about the cell wall of bacteria compared to plant cells?

  The bacterial cell wall does not contain cellulose
• Where is the genetic material located in prokaryotic cells?

  It is not enclosed in a nucleus
• What is the structure of the bacterial chromosome?

  A single DNA loop found free in the cytoplasm
• What are plasmids in prokaryotic cells?

  Extra small rings of DNA that code for specific features
• What specific feature do plasmids often code for?

  Antibiotic resistance
• What is the effect of many bacteria on other organisms?

  Many have little or no effect
• What is a protective feature that some bacteria have?

  A slime capsule around the outside of the cell wall
• What is a flagellum?

  A long protein strand that helps bacteria move
• How do bacteria use their flagella?

  To move themselves around
• What are some harmful effects of bacteria?

  They can cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants
• What role do bacteria play in food storage?

  They can decompose and destroy stored food
• What are the relative sizes of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  • Prokaryotes are 1-2 orders of magnitude smaller than eukaryotes
  • Prokaryotic cells are typically 6.2-2.0 µm in length
  • Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex
• What is the significance of understanding cell sizes in biology?

  • Helps in comprehending the scale of organisms
  • Important for microscopy and visualization techniques
  • Aids in understanding cellular functions and interactions
• Diagram of a Bacteria Cell

  
• Eukaryotic cells


  A type of cell that has a true nucleus
• Genetic material enclosed in a nucleus


  The nucleus contains the majority of the cell's genetic material (DNA) organized into chromosomes, acting as the control center of the cell
• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)


  A molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and function of all living organisms, typically found in the form of a ring in bacterial cells.
• RNA (Ribonucleic acid)


  A molecule similar to DNA, playing a crucial role in protein synthesis and other cellular processes.
• Cell wall


  A rigid layer that provides structure, support, and protection to the cell, typically composed of peptidoglycan (murein) in bacteria.