UNIT3 AOS1

• What is the consequence-based approach to bioethics?

  An approach that aims to maximize positive outcomes while minimizing negative outcomes
• What does the duty/rule-based approach to bioethics emphasize?

  The responsibility of the agent and the importance of individual duties
• What is the focus of the virtues-based approach to bioethics?

  Emphasizing the individual goodness of the agent and acting according to moral values
• What are the key ethical concepts in bioethics?

  • Integrity: Commitment to knowledge and honest reporting
  • Justice: Commitment to fairness and equal access
  • Beneficence: Commitment to maximizing benefits
  • Non-maleficence: Commitment to minimizing harm
  • Respect: Commitment to consideration of others' values and autonomy

  
• What does integrity in bioethics refer to?

  The commitment to knowledge and honest reporting of findings
• How does justice apply in bioethics?

  It encourages fair consideration of different people's opinions and positions
• What is the principle of beneficence in bioethics?


  It encourages individuals to act in ways that benefit others
• What does non-maleficence mean in the context of bioethics?

  It is the commitment to minimizing harm in actions
• How does respect function as an ethical concept?

  It encourages consideration of others' values, beliefs, and autonomy
• What are the three major approaches to resolving ethical issues in bioethics?

  1. Consequences-based approach
  2. Duty/rule-based approach
  3. Virtues-based approach
• What is the aim of the consequences-based approach?

  To achieve maximization of positive outcomes and minimization of negative effects
• What does the duty/rule-based approach prioritize?

  How people act and the duties they have to follow
• How does the virtues-based approach differ from the other approaches?

  It focuses on the moral character of the person rather than the action itself
• Why are ethical concepts important in exploring bioethical issues?

  They support the exploration of bioethical issues and inform ethical guidelines
• What is the role of nucleic acids?


  To store and transmit hereditary information
• What does DNA carry instructions for?

  The production of RNA
• What is the primary function of RNA?

  To play a major role in protein synthesis
• What are the two types of nucleic acids mentioned?

  Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
• What are the components of a nucleotide?

  A phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base
• What is the significance of the phosphate group in nucleotides?

  It remains the same in all nucleotides and is attached to the 5' carbon
• How are nucleotides linked together?

  By phosphodiester bonds to form a sugar-phosphate backbone
• What is the structure of DNA?

  It consists of two chains of nucleotides forming a double helix
• What stabilizes the double helix structure of DNA?

  Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases
• What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

  It carries a copy of the nucleotide sequence of DNA
• What is the process of transcription?


  The formation of mRNA from DNA in the nucleus

  
• What is the function of tRNA in protein synthesis?

  To transfer amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes
• How many unique tRNA molecules are there?

  61 unique tRNA molecules
• What is the genetic code?

  The representation of genetic information stored in DNA as a triplet code
• What are codons?


  Sequences of three bases on mRNA that code for amino acids
• What is the role of the promoter region in a gene?

  It directs RNA polymerase where to begin transcription
• What is the TATA box?

  A sequence of nucleotides that codes for the promoter region in many eukaryotic genes
• What is the significance of the start and stop codons?

  They indicate where translation begins and ends
• How many stop codons are there?

  Three stop codons
• What is the relationship between genes and proteins?

  Genes are sections of DNA that code for proteins
• What is the role of RNA polymerase?

  It binds to the promoter region to initiate transcription
• What is the function of ribosomes in protein synthesis?


  They are sites where mRNA is translated into a chain of amino acids
• What is the significance of the anticodon in tRNA?

  It recognizes a specific sequence of nucleotides in mRNA
• What is the relationship between codons and anticodons?

  Codons are on mRNA, while anticodons are on tRNA
• What is the role of the genetic code in protein synthesis?

  It provides the instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins
• How does the genetic code ensure the correct amino acid sequence?

  By using triplet codons that correspond to specific amino acids