L3

• What is the definition of an attitude according to Crano & Prisilin (2006)?

  An attitude is a positive or negative reaction towards a stimulus, such as a person, action, object or concept.
• What are the three components of an attitude?

  • Cognitive
  • Affective
  • Behavioral
• What measurement technique is commonly used for assessing attitudes?

  Likert scales
• Why do Likert scales depend on honesty?

  Because respondents may not tell the truth or may give socially desirable answers.
• What is a common reason people provide safe answers in attitude measurement?

  To avoid conflict or not to hurt someone's feelings.
• What is the bogus pipeline technique in social psychology?

  It is a method where respondents believe that an apparatus assesses their true opinions, reducing the likelihood of lying.
• What does electromyography (EMG) measure?

  EMG measures the activity of facial muscles.
• How do facial muscles relate to emotions according to the study material?

  Different facial muscles move when people experience emotions such as happiness or sadness.
• What happens to facial muscles when a video supports a person's attitudes?

  Muscles associated with happiness move.
• What is the controversy surrounding attitude-behavior relations?


  Whether attitudes predict behavior or not.
• What did LaPiere (1934) investigate regarding attitudes and behavior?

  The relation between racist attitudes and behavior.
• What was the outcome of LaPiere's investigation with Chinese couples?

  Only one hotel refused service, despite 92% of establishments saying they would not accommodate a Chinese couple.
• What factors must be considered according to the Theory of Planned Behavior?

  1. Positive attitude towards the behavior
  2. Norms supporting the attitudes
  3. The behavior being under our control
• Why do many studies fail to find relations between attitudes and behavior?

  Because they do not take into account factors from the Theory of Planned Behavior.
• According to Himmelweit (1990), how stable are attitudes over time?


  Attitudes are relatively stable.
• What is one reason attitudes can change?

  Inconsistency between attitudes and behavior leads to cognitive dissonance.
• What evidence supports cognitive dissonance according to Knox and Inkster?

  People who placed bets were much more confident of winning than those who did not.
• What factors can change attitudes?

  • Source credibility
  • Trustworthiness
  • Attractiveness
  • Likability
• What are the conditions under which fear can effectively change attitudes according to Dillard & Anderson (2004)?

  1. The message evokes moderate to strong fear.
  2. The message provides a feasible (low cost) way to reduce the threat.
• How can individuals avoid attitude change?

  By rehearsing counterarguments.
• What argument did McAlister et al. (1982) teach teenagers to prevent smoking?

  “I'd be real chicken if I smoked just to impress you.”
• What was the outcome of the training provided by McAlister et al. (1982) to teenagers?


  Teens trained in this way were less likely to smoke.