Schizophrenia

• Schizophrenia 


  A disorder affecting the brain that causes distorted and bizarre thoughts, perceptions, emotions, movements, and behavior.
• Schizophrenia

  It is believed to be associated with increase of the neurotransmitter dopamine.
• Schizophrenia

  Formerly known as Dementia Praecox
• Schizophrenia

  "Splitting of the Mind"
• Bleuer's 4As of Schizophrenia

  1. Autism
  2. Affect
  3. Ambivalence
  4. Associative Looseness
• Bleuer's 4As of Schizophrenia

  Autism - preoccupation with self
• Bleuer's 4As of Schizophrenia

  Affect - flat, blunted, inappropriate
• Bleuer's 4As of Schizophrenia

  Ambivalence - conflicting, strong feelings
• Bleuer's 4As of Schizophrenia

  Associative Looseness - disorganized thinking
• The Social Causation Hypothesis of Schizophrenia states that the lower class increases the risk of developing the disorder
• Types of Schizophrenia

  Catatonic

  • (+) mutism
  • HS: Waxy-flexibility
  • (+)echopraxia, (+)echolalia
• Types of Schizophrenia

  Paranoid

  • suspicious, persecutory delusion, auditory hallucination, hostile
• Types of Schizophrenia

  Disorganized

  • extreme social withdrawal
  • silly giggling, grimacing mannerisms
• Types of Schizophrenia

  Undifferentiated

  • criteria of all types of schizophrenia
  • poor prognosis
• Negative signs of Schizophrenia is caused by an increase of serotonin
• Positive signs of Schizophrenia is caused by an increase of dopamine
• Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia are disturbances in thought and perception e.g. hallucination, delusions
• Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia (disturbances in emotion)


  Asociality – lack of relationships

  Avolition – lack of motivation

  Anhedonia – lack of pleasure

  Alogia – lack of speech

  Anergia - lack of energy

  Absence of movement (catatonia) - waxy flexibility, stupor and mutism
• Care of Client with Schizophrenia

  1. Nursing Interventions for hallucinations

  • Distract client
  • do not confront; do not deny or refute the hallucination
  • acknowledge that it is real to the client; point out that you do not share the same perception
  • do not leave the client alone
  • do not touch the client
• Care of Client with Schizophrenia

  • Avoid restraining; promote least restrictive environment
  • provide consistency; positive reinforcement
  • provide safety (+) threat
  • one is to one nurse-client relationship
  • orient to reality