Birth of Filipino Nationalism

• What century is the birth of Filipino nationalism traced to?

  19th century
• How did the integration of the Philippines into global commerce affect the country?


  It exposed the country to new ideas and ideals.
• What social class emerged due to the economic transformation in the Philippines during the 19th century?

  The middle class (clase media)
• Who was the Spanish governor that introduced Filipinos to European liberalism?

  Carlos Maria de la Torre
• What concepts did European liberalism introduce to Filipinos?

  Freedom, equality, and democracy
• What was a significant response of Filipinos to social injustices and racial discrimination?

  The growing sense of Filipino identity and desire for independence
• What conflict contributed to the rise of Filipino nationalism?

  The conflict between Spanish regular clergy and Filipino secular clergy
• What factors merged to inspire a movement for reform and independence in the Philippines?

  Commerce, the rise of the clase media, European liberalism, racial discrimination, and regular secular conflicts
• How does Louis L. Snyder define nationalism?


  As a state of mind where individuals pledge their ultimate loyalty to the nation-state
• What historical event is associated with the origins of nationalism according to Snyder?

  The 18th-century French Revolution
• What did the emergence of Filipino nationalism respond to?

  The growing awareness of social and political injustices
• How did Filipino agency contribute to the rise of nationalism?

  Filipinos actively shaped a national identity reflecting local values and aspirations
• Who were some key figures in the rise of Filipino nationalism during the Spanish period?

  Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, and Andres Bonifacio
• What did Quibuyen argue about Filipino nationalism?


  It was driven by the independent aspirations of Filipinos themselves
• What challenges did the resurgence of nationalism encounter according to Meadows?

  Internal conflicts and the lingering effects of colonial rule
• What internal factors played pivotal roles in the development of national consciousness?

  Economic changes, education, and secularization
• How did the Spanish colonial rule affect the native population's identity?

  It exacerbated divisions and hindered the development of a cohesive national consciousness
• What strategy did the Spanish use to suppress uprisings among Filipinos?

  Divide et impera (divide and conquer)
• What was the economic impact of opening Manila and other provincial ports to international trade in 1834?

  It marked a turning point leading to significant economic growth
• What was the value of Philippine exports in 1810?

  ₱4.8 million
• What was the value of Philippine exports in 1894?

  ₱33.1 million
• What was a notable development of the clase media during the economic growth in the Philippines?

  Wealthy native entrepreneurs and mestizos became increasingly politically aware
• How did the social structure in Manila reflect the distinctions of the clase media?

  Through land ownership and the acquisition of luxury items
• What was the impact of the Suez Canal opening in 1869 on the Philippines?

  It shortened travel time between Spain and the Philippines, facilitating the spread of liberal ideas
• What did liberal ideas from Europe challenge in the Philippines?

  The long-standing conservative and feudal mindset
• Who were the philosophers that shaped liberal ideals in the Philippines?

  John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• What significant steps did Carlos Maria de la Torre take as Governor-General?

  Abolishing press censorship and promoting freedom of speech
• What was the duality in Carlos Maria de la Torre's leadership?

  He aimed for liberal reforms but maintained ties with Spanish authorities
• What was a prominent consequence of the hierarchical social structure during the Spanish colonial period?

  Racial discrimination based on skin color and origin
• How did Spaniards view Filipinos during the colonial period?

  They claimed superiority and enforced social hierarchies
• What did anti-Filipino writers produce during the Reform Movement?

  Vitriolic literature that unfairly criticized Filipinos
• What did Francisco Canamaque express in his works about Filipinos?

  He disparaged them as lazy and incompetent
• How did Wenceslao E. Retana view the Filipino nationalist movement?

  He frequently criticized it and compared Filipino leaders unfavorably to Spanish leaders
• What was the impact of racial discrimination on the Filipino revolutionary movement?

  It played a crucial role in shaping societal impacts and igniting the movement
• What are the key factors influencing the rise of Filipino nationalism?

  • Economic changes due to global commerce
  • Emergence of the clase media
  • Influence of European liberalism
  • Racial discrimination
  • Conflicts between Spanish clergy and Filipino clergy
• How did the rise of Filipino nationalism reflect both external influences and internal aspirations?

  • External influences: Spanish colonial rule, European liberalism
  • Internal aspirations: Filipino agency, local values, and socio-political realities
• What were the social dynamics of the clase media in Manila during the 19th century?


  • Wealthy native entrepreneurs and mestizos
  • Display of social status through land ownership and luxury items
  • Distinctions between elite Spanish community and diverse Filipino neighborhoods
• What were the effects of racial discrimination on Filipino society during the Spanish colonial period?

  • Hierarchical social structure based on skin color
  • Limited rights and opportunities for native Filipinos
  • Ignition of the Filipino revolutionary movement
• Who expressed disdain for Filipinos' perceived laziness and incompetence in his work Las Islas Filipinas?

  Francisco Canamaque
• What extreme view did Pablo Feced express about rural Filipinos in his work Filipinas; esbozos y pinceladas?

  He referred to them as a “carabao herd” and suggested they required physical punishment.