approaches

• what are the assumptions of the behavioural approach?

  -Studies behaviour that can be measured and observed

  -mental processes were seen as irrelevant

  -relied on lab studies to maintain more control and objectivity within their research

  -believe that all behaviour is learned

  -a baby's mind is a 'blank slate' that is written on by experience

  _the basic processes that govern learning are the same in all species

  -classical and operant conditioning
• what are the assumptions of social learning theory?

  -agreed with behaviourists

  -proposed that people learn through observation and imitation

  -vicarious reinforcement is observing others behaviours and the consequences

  -attention, retention, motor skills, motivation

  -Identification is imitating people we identify with
• what was Bandura's research?

  -SLT

  -Bobo doll

  -recorded the behaviour of young children who watched an adult behave in an aggressive way towards a bobo doll

  -when the children were later observed playing, they behaved more aggressively than those who watched a non-aggressive adult

  -boys were more likely to imitate same sex models
• what are the assumptions of the cognitive approach?

  -argues that internal mental processes can, and should, be studied scientifically

  -schema are packages of ideas and info developed through experience

  -schema's enable us to process lots of information quickly so prevents us from being overwhelmed by environmental stimuli

  -theoretical and computer models helps us to understand internal mental processes

  -information flows through the cognitive system in stages: input, storages, retrieval
• what are the assumptions of the biological approach?

  -everything psychological is biological first

  -much of our behaviour relies on chemical transitions

  -an imbalance of neurochemicals has been implicated as a possible cause of mental disorders

  -Twin studies are used to investigate whether certain characteristics have a genetic basis

  -Many biological psychologists accept that much of human behaviour would depend upon an interaction between inherited factors and environment

  -natural selection is any genetically determined behaviour that enhances survival will continue in future generations
• what are assumptions of the psychodynamic approach?

  -focuses on the role of the unconscious

  -most of our mind is made up of our unconscious

  -vast store of biological drives and instincts which influence behaviour and repressed memories

  -looks at the structure of our personalities

  -Psychosexual stages of development

  -Defence mechanisms
• what is the structure of the personality (psychodynamic)?

  -Id is the primitive part which operates on the pleasure principle

  -Superego is based on the morality principle

  -Ego works on the reality principle and is the mediator between the other 2 parts
• what are the psychosexual stages of development?

  -oral(0-1), focuses of pleasure is the mouth e.g. smoking or nail biting

  -Anal(1-3), focus of pleasure is the anus, e.g. perfectionist and obsessive

  -Phallic(3-6), focus of pleasure is the genital area, e.g. narcissistic and reckless

  -Latency, earlier conflicts are repressed

  -Genital, sexual desires become conscious, difficulty forming heterosexual relationships

  -A child must resolve each conflict before moving onto the next stage
• what are the assumptions of the Humanistic approach?

  -Humans are self determining and have free will

  -rejects more scientific models that attempt to establish general principles of human behaviour

  -Maslow's hierarchy of needs motivates our behaviour

  -self actualisation is the need to grow and fulfil one's potential

  -Rogers suggested that one needs congruence with their ideal self for personal growth

  -Roger's client centred therapy argued that many issues as adults can be explained by a lack of unconditional positive regard from parents
• what is the Maslow's hierarchy of needs(Humanistic)?

  -psychological needs, safety and security, love and belonging, self esteem, self actualisation

  -In order to achieve self actualisation, a number of other deficiency needs must be met first