Berlin Crisis, 1961

• What was the main international reaction to the Hungarian uprising in 1956?


  The West, especially the USA and Britain, offered little support.
• Why was military intervention ruled out by the West during the Hungarian uprising?


  Due to the likely Soviet response.
• What did the Soviet Union perceive the Hungarian uprising as?


  A major test of its power.
• How did the West's response to the Hungarian uprising demonstrate its resolve?


  Through symbolic support for Hungarian refugees and freedom fighters.
• When did the invasion of Hungary begin?


  In October 1956.
• How long did the Hungarian people's resistance last during the 1956 uprising?


  Less than two weeks.
• What was the impact of the Soviet intervention on Soviet-Western relations?


  It caused further damage to those relations.
• What was the public reaction to the plight of the Hungarian people?


  There was a major public outcry.
• What did one US television presenter say about Hungarian refugees?


  "We're opening our arms to the Hungarian refugees."
• What were the key events in the Cold War from 1948 to 1968 that could be analyzed in a narrative account?


  • The Berlin Blockade, 1948
  • The Soviet invasion of Hungary, 1956
  • The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
• What was the first major crisis in the Cold War during the 1960s?

  The construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961.
• What was the purpose of the Berlin Wall constructed in 1961?


  To prevent the flow of citizens from East to West Berlin.
• What was the significance of the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962?


  It was a major confrontation between the USA and the Soviet Union.
• What treaties were established as a consequence of the Cuban Missile Crisis?


  • The Limited Test Ban Treaty, 1963
  • The Outer Space Treaty, 1967
  • The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, 1968
• When did the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia occur?


  In 1968.
• What was the Brezhnev Doctrine?


  A policy that justified Soviet intervention in other communist countries.
• What was the impact of the Berlin Wall on relations between East and West Berlin in 1961?


  It led to increased tension and division between the two sides.
• What was the refugee problem in Berlin during the Cold War?


  Many East Berliners attempted to escape to West Berlin.
• What was the significance of Kennedy's visit to Berlin in 1963?


  It symbolized Western support for the people of Berlin.
• How did the construction of the Berlin Wall affect families?


  It split families between East and West Berlin.
• What were the consequences of the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961?


  • Led to less violent clashes and reduced tension.
  • Increased tension between the USA and the Soviet Union.
  • Demonstrated a lack of trust and mutual distrust.
• What was the main purpose of the Berlin Wall?


  To prevent East Berliners from escaping to West Berlin.
• What did Kennedy emphasize in his speech in West Berlin in 1963?


  That freedom is a fundamental human right.
• How did Khrushchev's actions regarding the Berlin Wall reflect his political strategy?


  He aimed to secure Communist control while avoiding direct confrontation with the USA.
• What was the timeline of key events related to the Berlin crisis from 1958 to 1963?


  Includes Khrushchev's Berlin ultimatum, construction of the Berlin Wall, and Kennedy's visit.
• What was the impact of the Berlin Wall on US-Soviet relations?


  It led to a serious stand-off and increased tensions.
• What were the consequences for Germany after the construction of the Berlin Wall?


  Increased publicity for the divided nation and shock over inhumanity.
• What was the significance of the Limited Test Ban Treaty established in 1963?


  It aimed to prohibit nuclear weapons testing in the atmosphere.
• What was the main consequence of the Cuban Missile Crisis for the USSR?


  It led to increased tensions with the USA.
• What was the impact of the Prague Spring in 1968?


  It led to the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia.
• How did the construction of the Berlin Wall affect East Berliners' daily lives?


  It made escape to West Berlin very difficult.
• What was the significance of the phrase "I am a Berliner" in Kennedy's speech?


  It expressed solidarity with the people of Berlin.
• What was the role of East German guards after the construction of the Berlin Wall?


  They patrolled the wall to prevent escapes.
• How did the construction of the Berlin Wall symbolize the Cold War tensions?


  It represented the physical and ideological divide between East and West.
• What was the impact of the Berlin Wall on families?


  It separated many families between East and West Berlin.
• What was the purpose of the checkpoints established by the USA at the Berlin Wall?


  To monitor and control movement between East and West Berlin.
• How did the Berlin Wall affect the perception of the Cold War globally?


  It highlighted the division and conflict between communism and democracy.
• What was the significance of the Vienna Summit in 1961?


  It was a meeting between Kennedy and Khrushchev regarding Berlin.
• What was the impact of the Cuban Missile Crisis on US foreign policy?


  It led to a more cautious approach in dealing with the Soviet Union.
• How did the Limited Test Ban Treaty reflect the changing dynamics of the Cold War?


  It indicated a willingness to reduce nuclear tensions.