Cards (70)

  • What are the general functions of the skeletal system?
    • Support
    • Protection
    • Assistance in movement
    • Mineral homeostasis
    • Blood cell production (red bone marrow)
    • Triglyceride storage (yellow bone marrow)
  • What are the structural components of bone tissue?
    Cellular and extracellular components
  • What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?
    Compact bone is dense and strong, while spongy bone has a porous structure.
  • What is the diaphysis of a long bone?
    The body or shaft of the bone.
  • What is the function of the epiphyseal plate?
    It is the area of active growth in long bones.
  • What is the role of articular cartilage?
    It reduces friction and absorbs shock at joints.
  • What are the two layers of the periosteum and their functions?
    • Dense fibrous outer layer: Provides protection and attachment for ligaments and tendons.
    • Inner osteogenic layer: Role in bone growth and assists in fracture repair.
  • What is the medullary cavity?
    It is the hollow space within the diaphysis of long bones containing yellow bone marrow and blood vessels.
  • What is calcification in bone tissue?
    It is the process where mineral salts are deposited and crystallize along the collagen and extracellular matrix material.
  • What percentage of bone tissue is water?
    15%
  • What are osteoprogenitor cells?
    They are stem cells of the bone that divide and produce osteoblasts.
  • What do osteoblasts do?
    They build bone and synthesize collagen fibers and organic compounds.
  • What is the function of osteocytes?
    They maintain daily metabolism and exchange nutrients and wastes with the blood.
  • What are osteoclasts?
    They are large cells that digest the protein and mineral components of the bone's extracellular matrix.
  • What are the types of bone tissue and their characteristics?
    • Compact Bone: Strongest type, dense with few spaces, provides protection and support.
    • Spongy Bone: Also called trabecular bone, made of irregular patterns of thin columns, no osteons present.
  • What are osteons?
    They are repeating structural units of concentric bone lamellae arranged around an osteogenic canal.
  • What is the function of bone canaliculi?
    They connect bone lacunae and allow for nutrient and waste exchange between osteocytes.
  • What is the role of the endosteum?
    It lines the medullary cavity and the internal spaces of spongy bone.
  • What are the functions of spongy bone?
    • Decreases weight/mass of bone improving movement.
    • Protects red marrow for blood cell production (hemopoiesis).
  • What is hemopoiesis?
    It is the process of blood cell production.
  • How does the skeletal system participate in homeostasis of plasma calcium levels?
    It regulates calcium levels through the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
  • What are the steps involved in fracture repair?
    1. Hematoma formation
    2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
    3. Bony callus formation
    4. Bone remodeling
  • What is the nutrient artery's role in bone?
    It supplies blood to the inner diaphysis, trabeculae, and bone marrow.
  • What is the significance of perforating canals in bone?
    They allow blood vessels from the periosteum to enter the bone matrix.
  • What is ossification?
    It is the process by which bone forms.
  • What are the two patterns of bone formation?
    • Intramembranous ossification
    • Endochondral ossification
  • Where does intramembranous ossification occur?
    At the skull, facial bones, mandible, and part of the clavicle.
  • What happens during intramembranous ossification?
    Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoprogenitor cells, then osteoblasts, leading to bone formation.
  • What is the role of osteoblasts during intramembranous ossification?
    They secrete extracellular matrix and become surrounded to form osteocytes.
  • What is the outcome of calcification during intramembranous ossification?
    Minerals deposit and calcification occurs, forming trabeculae and red marrow around blood vessels.
  • What forms around the periphery during intramembranous ossification?
    The periosteum forms around the periphery.
  • What replaces spongy bone on the surface during intramembranous ossification?
    Compact bone replaces spongy bone on the surface.
  • What is the primary function of compact bone?
    To provide protection, support, and resist strains from weight and movement.
  • What is the difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification?
    • Intramembranous: Occurs in flat and irregular bones, involves direct bone formation from mesenchyme.
    • Endochondral: Involves the replacement of cartilage with bone, occurs in long bones.
  • What is the process by which bone forms called?
    Ossification
  • In which situations does ossification occur?
    • Initial formation in embryo and fetus
    • Bone growth from infancy through adolescence
    • Remodeling of bone
    • Fracture repair
  • What is mesenchyme in the context of initial bone formation?
    Mesenchyme is the tissue that forms in the general shape of bone during fetal development.
  • What are the two patterns of bone formation?
    1. Intramembranous ossification
    2. Endochondral ossification
  • Where does intramembranous ossification occur?
    • Skull
    • Facial bones
    • Mandible
    • Part of the clavicle
  • What happens to mesenchymal cells during intramembranous ossification?
    Mesenchymal cells congregate and differentiate into osteoprogenitor cells, then osteoblasts.