lesson 1 - contemp

• What term describes the phenomenon resulting in a borderless world? Globalization
• According to Dr. Nayef Al-Rodhan (2006), globalization is not a single concept that can be defined and encompassed within a set time frame, nor is it a process that can be defined clearly with a beginning and an end.
• According to Tomas Larsson (2001), globalization is the process of world shrinkage, distances getting shorter, and things moving closer.
• However, others believe that globalization brought regression, colonialism, and destabilization. These beliefs are actually supported by Martin Khor, the president of the third world network in Malaysia, who stated that globalization is a form of colonization. Hence, globalization can be defined as narrow and exclusive, or broad and inclusive. 
• According to Kenichi Ohmae (1992), globalization means the onset of the borderless world.
• Ray Kiely and Phil Marfleet (1998), globalization is a situation wherein societies, cultures, politics, and economics have, in some sense, come closer together.
• Jan Aart Scholte (1999) states that "globalization refers to processes whereby social relations acquire relatively distance less and borderless qualities so that human lives are increasingly played out in the world as a single place."
• David Harvey in 1998 said that globalization can be viewed as the compression of time and space.
• Robert Cox (1999), globalization is characterized by the internationalizing of production, the new international division of labor, migration from south and north, and a competitive environment, which increases processes such as manufacturing of goods and commodities.
• World-Systems Theory, the migration of people to other wealthy nations, and the existence of a free market that allows competition in an open economy. 
• Paul Bairoch and Richard Kozul-Wright (1996), globalization is a process in which the production and financial structures of countries are becoming interlinked by an increasing number of cross-border transactions to create an international division of labor in which national wealth creation comes, increasingly, to depend on economic agents in other countries.
• Richard Langhorne (2001) explains that globalization is the latest stage in a long accumulation of technological advance, which has given human beings the ability to conduct their affairs across the world without reference to nationality, government authority, time of day or physical environment. 
• Manfred Steger (2013), who described the process as “the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world-time and across world-space.”
• Steger posits that his definition of globalization must be differentiated with an ideology he calls globalism.
•  globalization proliferates because of its driving force which is technology progress. 
• Economic Globalization - There is an interconnectedness of economies and trade of products and other resources. 
• Cultural Globalization - There is a transmission and sharing of values, ideas, culture, and information through media, technology, tourism, language, religion, cuisines, and education. 
• Political Globalization - There is a high degree of political cooperation and political relationship from one state to another.
• Globality: 

  interconnected whole, such as the global economy; the end-state of globalization. 
• Globalism: an 

  ideological project committed to the spread of 

  globalization, 

  usually reflecting support for the values and theories of free-market 

  capitalism. 
• Globalization is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that has transformed the world in various ways.
• THE WORLD- SYSTEMS THEORY (HYPERGLOBALISATIONISM) 

  This perspective sees globalization as an all-encompassing force that leads to the erosion of national borders and the emergence of a truly global economy and culture.
• World-Systems Theory as proposed by Immanuel Wallerstein in 1974
•  The heart of the World-Systems Theory is the concept core-periphery model.
• Nation: a group of 

  people with a 

  common language, history, culture, and (usually) 

  geographic 

  territory.
• Capitalism: an 

  economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production (such as factories, and 

  businesses), 

  markets, and the competition. In capitalism, 

  individuals and businesses pursue profits and make economic decisions based on supply and demand. 
• Core Nations 

  This zone consists of economically developed regions with advanced technology, industrial production, and significant wealth.
• 1. Core nations dominate the global economic system with features like: with a powerful central government; b) economically diversified and industrialized; c) capital intensive production of materials and goods rather than extracting raw materials, and; d) strong middle class and working-class.
• Periphery Nations 

  The periphery comprises less developed areas that often provide cheap labor and raw materials to the core nations.
• Semi-Periphery Nations 

  The semi-periphery is an intermediate zone that exhibits elements of both core and periphery characteristics.
• Semi-Periphery countries are India, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, South Korea, South Africa, Taiwan, and China. 
• Wallerstein’s theory of a world-system aligns with dependency theory
• Dependency theory critiques the role of external powers in perpetuating economic disparities.
• THE REGIONAL BLOC THEORY (GLOBAL SKEPTICISM) 

  The Regional Bloc Theory, also known as Global Skepticism, is a concept in international relations and economics that suggests a shift towards regionalism and away from global integration. This theory suggests that in an increasingly interconnected world, countries may prioritize forming or strengthening regional blocs and agreements over engaging in global trade agreements or alliances. 
• Regional blocs, also known as regional organizations or economic blocs, are associations or agreements of countries within a specific region that collaborate on various economic, political, and security matters.
• Global Skepticism arises from various factors including concerns about loss of sovereignty, cultural preservation, economic protection, and skepticism towards the benefits of globalization.
• THE THIRD WAY THEORY (TRANSFORMATIONALISM) 

  theory primarily advocates for a pragmatic approach to governance that acknowledges the benefits and challenges posed by economic integration.
•  Third Way Theory offers a nuanced approach to governance that seeks to reconcile the imperatives of globalization with the goals of social justice, economic stability, and national sovereignty.
• Nation - group of people that has the same/share culture
• Country - a place which has definite territory