STAT101

• What is the branch of science that deals with the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data?

  Statistics
• What are the main components of statistical inquiry?

  • Designed research
  • Provides information needed to solve a research problem
  • Information is processed data
• What are the four types of statistical inquiry?

  Describe the population, establish relationships of variables, forecast a value, compare two groups
• What are the stages of the statistical process or cycle?

  1. Identify the problem
  2. Plan the study
  3. Collect the data
  4. Explore the data
  5. Analyze data & interpret the results
  6. Present the results
• What is a population in statistics?


  A collection of all elements
• What are elements in statistics?

  Units whose characteristics will be observed and measured
• What is a sample in statistics?

  A subset of the population
• How should one identify the population in statistics?


  • Use terms like "collection of", "set of", "all", or similar terms.
• What is a variable in statistics?

  Properties, characteristics, or attributes of a physical/abstract system
• What is an observation in statistics?

  The realized value of a variable for a particular element
• What is data in statistics?


  A collection of observations
• What are the classifications of variables?

  1. Qualitative
  2. Quantitative

  • Discrete
  • Continuous
• What type of variable yields categorical responses?

  Qualitative variable
• What type of variable takes on numerical values to represent an amount or quantity?

  Quantitative variable
• What is a discrete variable?

  A variable that can assume a finite or countably infinite number of values
• What is a continuous variable?


  A variable that can assume infinitely many values that can be stated using an interval
• What is a summary measure in statistics?

  • A single numeric figure that describes a particular feature/characteristic of the whole collection
  • Parameter: population (𝑃)
  • Statistic: sample (𝑝)
• What is the difference between a parameter and a statistic?

  A parameter refers to the population, while a statistic refers to the sample
• What is the difference between census and sampling?

  • Census: measures the variable/s of interest from all elements of the population
  • Sampling: measures the variables from a subset of the population
• What are the two main fields of statistics?

  1. Descriptive Statistics

  • Describe the collected data
  • Graphical presentations, tables, summary measures

  1. Inferential Statistics

  • Make predictions or inferences to generalize for a larger set of data
• What is the purpose of descriptive statistics?

  To describe the collected data at hand
• What is the purpose of inferential statistics?


  To make predictions or inferences to generalize for a larger set of data
• What are the four properties of measurement levels?

  1. Elements can be classified into distinct categories that are non-overlapping and exhaustive.
  2. System can arrange the categories according to magnitude.
  3. System has a fixed unit of measurement representing a set size throughout the scale.
  4. System has an absolute zero.
• What is the highest level of measurement in statistics?

  Ratio level
• What does the ratio level of measurement include?

  All properties included; zero represents absence of characteristics
• What is an example of a ratio level measurement?

  The allowance of a student in pesos
• What is the interval level of measurement?

  Difference or interval in categories is determined and equal
• What is an example of an interval level measurement?

  Temperature in Celsius and Fahrenheit
• What is the ordinal level of measurement?

  Categories can be ordered according to magnitude or some natural order
• What is an example of ordinal level data?

  Likert scale ratings
• What is the nominal level of measurement?

  Classifies/labels variables qualitatively without quantitative meaning
• What is an example of nominal level data?

  Nationality
• What are the admissible operations in statistics?

  1. Equality: Group together observations with the same values.
  2. Greater than/Less than: Arrange observations according to magnitude.
  3. Difference/Sum: Sum up all observations; get the difference between two observations.
  4. Product/Ratio: Compute for the ratio of two observations.
• What are the data collection methods in statistics?

  • Use of documented data
  • Observation method
  • Survey method
  • Experiment
  • Other methods (e.g., focus group discussions, computer simulation)
• What is primary data?

  Data collected by the researchers themselves
• What is secondary data?

  Data documented by an individual/agency other than the data collectors
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of using documented data?

  Advantages:

  • Quick implementation
  • No need to conceptualize collection procedures

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • Data may contain errors
  • Collection procedure may not be directly available
• What is observation in data collection?

  Collecting data on the phenomenon of interest by recording details using senses while it actually happens
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of observation as a data collection method?

  Advantages:

  • Practical for non-verbal subjects
  • More realistic data collection

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • Time-consuming
  • Subjective perceptions may affect data
• What is the survey method of data collection?

  • Collecting data by asking respondents questions
  • Can be self-administered or personal interviews
  • Success relies on the honesty of respondents