End of Year Practice

• Squatter settlements are near heavily populated areas. They have limited access to basic services such as water, electricity and waste disposal. They have no clean water and proper sanitation which may lead to water born diseases such as dynestry.
• Self built squatters are made of poor quality materials like zinc sheets. These materials are flammable and at risk of collapsing. As well lack of clean water. This may lead to water born diseases such as cholera.
• • zinc sheets
  • wood
  • cardboard
• The houses are made of flammable materials like wood, cardboard and, zinc, which are packed closely together making it prone to fire outbreaks. Slum residents with no access to safe drinking water uses water from sources such as polluted rivers and contaminated wells. The water may be filled with bacteria, that causes diseases like cholera and dysentry.
• Slums can be found located near the highway so the residents can make use of transport services easily. Another place that slums can be found is near the river, so that they can easily use the water for daily needs.
• The government used integrated land-use planning to plan and divide the land into different zones. The zoning plans provide legal control over what can or what cannot be built in an area ensuring that there will be enough land for housing. Hence, there will not be informal housing in the areas that are not meant for housing.
• DEVELOPERS

  Private developers focus on companies, so tend to pick sites that are most commercially viable. While housing built by governments tend to consider peoples needs more than profits. It is done to shape the layout of cities and enable various types of developments.
• LAND-USE PLANNING It includes guidelines drawn up by planning authorities. Zoning as a planning control tool for ensuring that the built environment is well-developed. Zoning restricts the type of activities and land-use permitted on specific sites. It is done to shape the layout of cities and enable various types of developments.
• Lack of Basic Services

  Lack access to basic services such as electricity, water, and sanitation. Tapping onto nearby electrical grids, water from nearby pipes and disposing of sanitary waste into the ground or nearby rivers.
• Informal housing is often constructed from waste materials such as zinc sheets. The houses are at risk of collapsing, being flooded or catching fire on rainy days.
• ACCESS TO BASIC SERVICES

  The basic services include easy access to water and electricity and sanitation. Infrastructure support services such as, underground water pipes, power lines, and sewage pipes. Having basic services improves the quality of life for residents.
• HIGH-QUALITY BUILDING MATERIALS

  High-quality building materials could include concrete, metal or hard wood. High-quality materials are durable and can withstand elements such as heavy rain and strong winds and can protect occupants.
• Transport system helps us with our everyday mobility and helps us commute to work
• Employment opportunities are concentrated in city centers while housing is further away in areas which are more affordable
• The separation between employment opportunities and residential area


  Means that people must commute or travel to work from their homes to their workplace
• Transport system plays an important role as it allows us to access social activities which helps our emotional and social well-being
• Singapore's walkways are built to schools, medical facilities and other amenities within a 400 metre radius for MRT and 200 metres for bus interchange
• quality of infrastructure:

  1. Coverage= Availability and reach of infrastructure
  2. Capacity= Number of people or amount of goods that can be moved
  3. Frequency= Number of occurrence to move people quick.
  4. Convenience= Ease of movement. On time, no disruption
  5. Environmental sustainability= Environmental impact. Clean, allow a comfortable commute.
• Density of Transport Network: 

  ~A transport network  contains nodes that are linked by routes. 

  ~ Network density refers to the number of nodes and routes in an area. 
• Variety: Transport Modes

  People and goods are moved depending on the variety of transport modes. Cities offer wide variety of transport modes that travel on land, water and air.
• Concentration of Activities:

  ~Transport nodes are often located near such concentration of activities so that more people can access them.

  ~ In Singapore, most of the train stations are located in city centre. 

  ~ Some major transport nodes such as the Little India, Chinatown, and Botanic Gardens MRT station are popular tourist destinations rich in culture and heritage. 
• Level of Accessibility:

  ~Accessibility is the ease of reaching destinations or activities.

  ~ A location with high accessibility is one that can be reached with relative ease within a given time.

  ~Based on travel decisions, time, cost, and people use these as factors to measure a locations accessibility. 

  ~ Some examples of easy accessibility is there Dhoby Ghaut station and the Boon Keng station.
• Environmental Pollution:

  Pollution of substances do not normally belong in the environment, which, in great concentrations, can have harmful effects on plants, animals, and humans.
• Land Pollution:

  Land pollution can lead to long-term damage to land, making it unsafe for building houses. Humans produce a lot of waste, especially in factories, office, school, and homes. Many cities build landfills to dispose waste products. Some choose to incinerate their waste. The leftover material from incineration still needs to be properly managed to avoid pollution.
• Amenities:

  Amenities are also provided as a part of formal urban housing developments. Amenities can be desirable or useful features that make life easier for the residents. In city housing, access to food via grocery shops, eateries and markets is convenient, medical services are easily available.
• What is traffic congestion?

  Traffic congestion occurs when road usage approaches or exceeds road capacity.
• When does traffic congestion typically occur?

  Traffic congestion tends to occur during peak hours, such as mornings and evenings.
• What is a common indicator of traffic congestion?

  Long queues of slow-moving vehicles are a common indicator of traffic congestion.
• How does high traffic volume affect travel time?

  High traffic volume, coupled with slow speed, means longer traveling time for all road users.
• What are the effects of traffic congestion on physical and emotional wellbeing?

  Traffic congestion can tire out both drivers and passengers, causing frustration and aggression.
• How can long traveling hours in traffic affect drivers and passengers?

  Long traveling hours may lead to frustration, aggression, or loss of concentration, increasing the risks of traffic accidents.
• Health Risks:

  A severe type of air pollution produced by vehicle exhaust, power plants, and factories is smog. Smog increases health risk, causing problems such as asthma and

  lung infection. As people become more reliant on transport modes, traffic noise is becoming an increasingly serious problem. Organisations has recommended reducing noise levels produced by road traffic to below 53, as road traffic noise above this is associated with adverse health effects. Excessive noise can disturb sleep, reduce work performances and more.