MODULE 4: NURSING THEORY

• When did nursing theory become a major theme in professional growth globally?

  In the last half of the 20th century
• What is the primary goal of nursing leaders in the 20th century regarding nursing knowledge?

  To develop nursing knowledge to improve quality of care and gain recognition of nursing as a profession
• What are the two important perspectives from which nursing theory is introduced in this module?

  • History
  • Significance
• What does person-centered care involve?

  Knowledge of the individual as a whole person and involving them in assessing their own needs
• What is central to nursing practice in person-centered care?

  Caring
• Who is considered the founder of Modern Nursing?

  Florence Nightingale
• What is recited during the oath-taking ceremony for Registered Nurses?

  The Nightingale Pledge
• What are the key components of client-centered nursing theory?

  • Differentiate philosophies, theories, and conceptual models of nursing
  • Focus on client-centered theories according to the metaparadigm of nursing
  • Discuss the significance of nursing theories to education, research, and clinical practice
• What is Florence Nightingale's theory called?

  Environmental Theory
• How does Nightingale define nursing?

  As the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist in recovery
• What are the five environmental factors according to Nightingale's theory?

  • Fresh air
  • Pure water
  • Efficient drainage
  • Sanitation/cleanliness
  • Light and direct sunlight
• When was the first published nursing theory by Nightingale?

  1860
• What does Nightingale stress about the physical environment?

  It has healing properties that can assist in recovery
• How does Nightingale's view of health differ from the view of pathology?

  Health is viewed as the positive, while pathology is the negative
• What is the goal of Nightingale's theory?

  To help patients retain their vitality by meeting their basic needs through environmental control
• What are the components of Nightingale's Environmental Theory?

  • Health of houses
  • Ventilation and warming
  • Light
  • Noise
  • Variety
  • Bed and bedding
  • Cleanliness of rooms and walls
  • Personal cleanliness
  • Nutrition and taking food
  • Chattering hopes and advice
  • Observation of the sick
  • Social considerations
• How does Nightingale refer to the patient in her metaparadigm?

  As "the patient"
• What is the foundational component of Nightingale's theory?

  The environment
• How is health maintained according to Nightingale's theory?

  By using a person’s healing powers and controlling environmental factors
• What does Abdellah's theory state about nursing?

  Nursing is based on an art and science that helps individuals cope with their health needs
• What did Abdellah promote in her nursing approach?

  Client-centered approaches
• What are the key aspects of Abdellah's comprehensive nursing service?

  • Recognizing nursing problems
  • Deciding appropriate actions
  • Providing continuous care
  • Adjusting care plans to meet individual needs
  • Helping individuals become self-directing
  • Instructing nursing personnel and family
  • Working with allied health professions
  • Continuous evaluation and research
• What is the philosophical underpinning of Abdellah's theory?


  It is considered a human needs theory
• What are the 10 steps to identify the client's problem according to Abdellah?

  1. Learn to know the patient
  2. Sort out relevant data
  3. Make generalizations about data
  4. Identify the therapeutic plan
  5. Test generalizations with the patient
  6. Validate the patient’s conclusions
  7. Continue to observe and evaluate
  8. Explore reactions to the therapeutic plan
  9. Identify nurse's feelings about the patient

  10. Discuss and develop a comprehensive care plan
• What are Abdellah's 11 nursing skills?

  • Observation of health status
  • Skills of communication
  • Application of knowledge
  • Teaching of patients and families
  • Planning and organization of work
  • Use of resource materials
  • Use of personnel resources
  • Problem-solving
  • Direction of work of others
  • Therapeutic use of the self
  • Nursing procedures
• What are Abdellah's typology of 21 nursing problems?

  1. Maintain good hygiene and physical comfort
  2. Promote optimal activity
  3. Promote safety
  4. Maintain good body mechanics
  5. Facilitate oxygen supply
  6. Facilitate nutrition
  7. Facilitate elimination
  8. Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
  9. Recognize physiological responses to disease

  10. Maintain regulatory mechanisms

  11. Maintain sensory functions

  12. Accept emotional expressions

  13. Accept interrelatedness of emotions and illness

  14. Maintain effective communication

  15. Promote interpersonal relationships

  16. Facilitate spiritual goals

  17. Maintain therapeutic environment

  18. Awareness of self as an individual

  19. Accept optimum goals within limitations

  20. Use community resources

  21. Understand social problems influencing illness
• How does Abdellah define nursing in relation to the four major concepts?

  Nursing is a helping profession focused on meeting needs and restoring self-help ability
• What is Virginia Henderson known for?

  Developing the Nursing Need Theory
• What does Henderson's Nursing Need Theory emphasize?

  The importance of increasing the patient's independence
• What are the 14 components of nursing according to Henderson?

  1. Breathing normally
  2. Eating and drinking adequately
  3. Eliminating body wastes
  4. Moving and maintaining a desirable position
  5. Sleeping and resting
  6. Selecting suitable clothes
  7. Maintaining body temperature
  8. Keeping the body clean
  9. Avoiding dangers in the environment

  10. Communicating with others

  11. Worshiping according to one’s faith

  12. Working for a sense of accomplishment

  13. Playing or participating in recreation

  14. Learning and satisfying curiosity
• How does Henderson define health in her theory?

  As independence, viewed in terms of the client's ability to perform nursing care components unaided
• What is the relationship between mind and body according to Henderson?

  They are inseparable
• What are the four major concepts in nursing according to Abdellah?

  • Nursing
  • Person
  • Health
  • Environment
• What is the focus of nursing according to Henderson's metaparadigm?

  Assisting individuals in life activities and attaining independence
• What is the significance of Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory?


  It focuses on the individual's ability to perform self-care
• What is the definition of self-care according to Orem?


  The practice of activities that individuals initiate and perform on their own behalf in maintaining life, health, and well-being
• What are the three theories included in Orem's General Theory of Nursing?

  • Theory of Self-care
  • Theory of Self-care Deficit
  • Theory of Nursing Systems
• What is self-care agency according to Orem?

  It is the ability for engaging in self-care
• What are universal self-care requisites?


  Associated with life processes and maintenance of human structure and functioning
• What are the components of universal self-care requisites?

  • Maintenance of sufficient intake of air, water, food
  • Provision of care associated with elimination
  • Balance between activity and rest
  • Prevention of hazards to human life