UNIT 1.2_Science and Technology in the World

Cards (40)

  • THREE-AGE SYSTEM
    • SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
    • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
    • INFORMATION AGE
  • SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION – A period of great scientific intellectual achievements that contributed to essential changes in scientific investigations
  • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION – A period of complex technological inventions that eventually replaced human and animal forces.
  • INFORMATION AGE – or digital age; the period characterized by the change from traditional industry to an economy that is founded on computerized of information.
  • Stone age is usually divided into three separate periods
    • Paleolithic Period
    • Mesolithic Period
    • Neolithic Period
  • PALEOLITHIC (“OLD STONE”) PERIOD - It is known to be the longest phase of human history which began approximately two million years ago and ended between 40,000 to 10,000 years ago. Throughout, humans were food gatherers, depending for their subsistence on hunting wild animals and birds, fishing, and collecting wild fruits, nuts, and berries. It is concerned with the origins and development of early human culture between the first appearance of human beings as tool using mammals.
  • THREE SUCCESSIVE DIVISIONS OF PALEOLITHIC PERIOD
    • LOWER PALEOLITHIC PERIOD
    • MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD
    • UPPER PALAEOLITHIC PERIOD
  • LOWER PALEOLITHIC PERIOD - The behavioral changes seen, ascribed to the evolution of the hominin ancestors of human beings, including Australopithecus, and especially Homo erectus /Homo ergaster. Stone tools of the Paleolithic include Acheulean and cleavers; these suggest that most humans of the earliest period were scavengers rather than hunters. It sites are also characterized by the presence of extinct animal types dated to the Early or Middle Pleistocene. Evidence seems to suggest that the controlled use of fire was figured out sometime during the LP.
  • MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD - (ca 200,000 to 45,000 years ago or so) is the period during which Archaic humans including Homo sapiens neanderthalensis appeared and flourished all over the world.
    • Handaxes continued in use, but a new kind of stone tool kit was created--called the Mousterian, it included purposefully prepared cores and specialized flake tools.
    • The living method for both Homo sapiens and our Neanderthal cousins included scavenging, but there is also clear evidence of hunting and gathering activities
  • UPPER PALAEOLITHIC PERIOD - (40,000-10,000 years BP) was a period of great transition in the world. The Neanderthals in Europe became edged out and disappeared by 33,000 years ago, and modern humans began to have the world to themselves. While the notion of a "creative explosion" has given way to a recognition of a long history of the development of human behaviors long before we humans left Africa, there is no doubt that things really got cooking during the UP.
  • MESOLITHIC (“MIDDLE STONE”) PERIOD - is an archaeological term used to describe specific cultures that fall between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic Periods. The use of small chipped stone tools called microliths and retouched bladelets are the key factor to identify the Mesolithic as a prehistoric period. Mesolithic people likely continued the art forms Mesolithic people likely continued the art forms developed during the Upper Paleolithic Period, including cave paintings and engravings, small sculptural artifacts , and early megalithic architecture.
  • NEOLITHIC (“NEW STONE”) PERIOD - is most frequently used in connection with agriculture, which is the time when cereal cultivation and animal domestication was introduced. Because agriculture developed at different times in different regions of the world, there is no single date.
  • DARK MIDDLE AGE - is a term often used synonymously with the Middle Ages. It refers to the period of time between the fall of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Italian Renaissance. Edward Gibbon, an 18th century English historian called this age as “barbarism and religion”.
  • HIGH MIDDLE AGE - were a time of tremendous growth in Europe. Historians sometimes refer to the period between approximately 1000 and 1300 CE as “to emphasize its dynamism, creativity, and importance in setting the stage for subsequent historical developments.
  • CHINA
    • Agriculture and Economy - large-scale silk and bronze production.
    • Astronomy - calendar
    • Mathematics - decimal, square root, and sliding calipers
  • EUROPE
    • Education - Cathedral schools, which then became universities, were established to address the societal need for intellectual advancement.
    • Medicine - Superstition and dogmatism flourished. Diagnosis was generally limited of urine inspection. Medical therapy involved magic, prayer, charms, faith healing and the use of different herbs.
  • INDIA
    • Science - Information on diseases and drugs, and astronomical bodies were gathered. A year was divided into 12 months with a total of 360 days. Knowledge on solving square root and linear equations and the use of zero and decimal place values was practiced. Medicine was naturally based and not supernatural, in which diagnoses were based on symptoms and appearances. Metallurgy was developed.
  • PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA
    Aztec (pre-Columbian Indians of Mexico) Civilization
    • Infrastructure - High temples were built for their deities
    • Astronomy - Decimal notations were used. A social calendar was developed with 365 days for a total of 18 months.
  • PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA
    Mayan (Ancient natives of central America) Civilization
    • Economy - Cocoa beans were used as monetary units
    • Astronomy - Mayans used decimal notations with zero. Solar calendar was developed consisting of 365 days in a year, comprising 18 months of 20 days. Positions of different heavenly bodies were observed and recorded.
  • PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA
    Incas (pre-Columbian of Peru) Civilization
    • Agriculture - Farming was practiced in terraced field with canals for irrigation. Chili and avocado were widely cultivated.Clothes from llama and alpaca wools were made.
    • Astronomy - Decimal system of counting was used. A calendar of 365 days was developed
  • Scientific Revolution - was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy)
    and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.
  • Scientific Revolution' refers to the period between Copernicus and Newton.
  • ISAAC NEWTON (1642–1726) - Discovered calculus and 3 Laws of of Motion in Physics. (Inertia, Force, Action & Reaction. His vast discoveries in physics, mathematics, and astronomy led to the view of the Universe, where the infinite universe could be described through mathematics that analyze matter in motion
  • RENÉ DESCARTES (1596–1650) - Mathematician and Philosopher who wrote Discourse on Method. Where he promoted the practice of deductive reasoning. Famously said, “I think, therefore I am” which meant that because was able to think, he knew he existed, but he was hesitant to assume anything else
  • GALILEO GALILEI (1564–1642) - Promoted experimental physics and observational astronomy by discovering more about inertia and discovering new moons and planetary laws with his mad telescope skills.
  • FRANCIS BACON (1561–1626) - An English Politician who had an influential philosophy that rejected reliance on authority in favor of developing one’s world view based
    on one’s own concrete observations. He became a supporter of the empirical method and inductive reasoning where people piece together truths from their own experience.
  • NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473–1543) - The first guy to prove that the earth was not stationary in space and revolved around the sun. Was a member of the church and waited until the year of his death to publish his findings, which started the so-called Copernican Revolution.
  • JOHANNES KEPLER (1571–1630) - Brahe’s assistant, who used his master’s data to confirm that the earth revolved around the sun. Used his master’s data to develop the 3 Laws of Planetary Motion
  • TYCHO BRAHE (1546–1601) - Was the one major Scientific Revolution physicist who believed in a geocentric universe, rejecting Copernicus’ idea that the Earth revolved around the Sun. Had the king of Denmark build him a really sick laboratory that he used to make 20
    years of detailed observations, proving that the stars in the sky were not fixed.
  • PARACELSUS (1493–1541) A doctor who has the crazy idea not to treat people’s “imbalance in the humors” with leeches and traditional remedies, he instead looks at the chemical causes behind sicknesses to treat patients. Big supporter of Hermetic Doctrine, and also studies stuff like alchemy and other ways of getting closer to God through science.
  • ROBERT BOYLE (1627–1691) - Called the “Father of Modern Chemistry” due to his advanced experiments and use
    of experimental method. Discovers Boyle’s Gas Law about gas pressures and volumes and believes in the
    existence of atoms.
  • WILLIAM HARVEY 1578-1657) - Dissected a bunch of animal bodies and obsesses over the heart as an important physical and spiritual centerpiece of the body. Discovers how the heart works like a pump, sending blood throughout the body with valves and heartbeats
  • ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632–1723). - “Father of Microbiology” who discovers bacteria because he loves playing with microscopes. Observes bacteria as “little animals or animalcules…This was for me, among all marvels that I have discovered in nature, the most marvelous of all
  • GIORDANO BRUNO (1548–1600) - An Italian Monk who spread Copernicus’ beliefs about a heliocentric universe
    governed by science. He was burned at the stake by Catholic authorities for spreading heresy
  • ANDREAS VESALIUS (1514–1564) - Spent years dissecting corpses and drawing detailed illustrations of the human body. Contributed a lot to the study of human anatomy, but eventually got grossed out by all the dead bodies and just became the personal doctor to Charles V, king of the Holy Roman Empire
  • THE ENLIGHTENMENT - leaders believed that by using scientific methods, they could explain the laws of society and human nature.
  • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - The main features involved were technological, socioeconomic, and cultural. The technological changes included the following:
    • (1) the use of new basic materials, chiefly iron and steel,
    • (2) the use of new energy sources, including both fuels
    and motive power, such as coal, the steam engine,
    electricity, petroleum, and the internal-combustion engine.
    • (3) the invention of new machines, such as the spinning
    jenny and the power loom that permitted increased
    production with a smaller expenditure of human energy.
  • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - developments in non-industrial spheres, including the following:
    • (1) agricultural improvements
    • (2) economic changes that resulted in a wider distribution of wealth.
    • (3) political changes reflecting the shift in economic power
    • (4) sweeping social changes
    • (5) cultural transformations of a broad order. Finally, there was a psychological change: confidence in the ability to use resources and to master nature was heightened.
  • INFORMATION AGE - began around the 1970s and is still going on today. It is also known as the Computer Age, Digital Age, or New Media Age. This era brought about a time period in which people could access information and knowledge easily.
  • THE ENLIGHTENMENT - The Scientific Revolution was the single most important event that fostered the creation of a new intellectual movement in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries called the Enlightenment, or, sometimes, the Age of Reason —a time period defining the generation that came of age between the publication of Newton’s ideas in 1687 and the death of Louis XIV in 1715.