Cell biology

• Which substance cannot be found inside plant cells?


  Glycogen
• What is the composition of a lipid molecule?


  3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule
• How is energy from respiration used by cells?


  To maintain body temperature
• What is the function of bile in digestion?


  To neutralize stomach acid and emulsify fats
• What is the primary function of the small intestine?


  To absorb all the nutrients
• What digestive issue might arise from a tumor blocking the tube from the gall bladder to the small intestine?

  Difficulties digesting fat
• Which organs produce amylase in the human digestive system?

  Salivary gland, pancreas, and small intestine
• What is an endothermic reaction?


  A chemical reaction that takes in energy
• What is an exothermic reaction?


  A chemical reaction that produces energy
• What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?

  It contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell
• What is the function of the cell membrane?


  It holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out
• Where does aerobic respiration occur in the cell?


  In the mitochondria
• What is the function of ribosomes?

  Where proteins are made in the cell
• What is the rigid cell wall made of in plant cells?


  Cellulose
• What is contained in the permanent vacuole of a plant cell?

  Cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts
• What is the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?

  Where photosynthesis occurs
• What do bacteria lack compared to plant and animal cells?

  Chloroplasts and mitochondria
• What is metabolism?

  The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell
• What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

  Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not
• What is produced during anaerobic respiration?

  Lactic acid
• What is the function of flagella in bacteria?

  To help the bacteria cells move
• What are the factors that affect enzyme activity?

  • pH levels
  • Temperature
  • Short diffusion distance
  • Large surface area
  • Good blood supply
  • Maintains concentration gradient
• What are the main organelles found in both plant and animal cells?


  • Nucleus
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
• What are the specialized cells and their functions?

  • Red blood cells: Carry oxygen using hemoglobin
  • Nerve cells: Transmit electrical signals
  • Sperm cells: Deliver male DNA
  • Liver cells: Metabolize nutrients
• What is the purpose of a microscope?


  To magnify objects that are too small to be seen by the human eye
• What does resolution refer to in microscopy?


  The ability to distinguish between two points
• Why is an electron microscope better than a light microscope?

  It has a higher resolution and can see subcellular components
• What is the main advantage of using a light microscope?

  They are cheaper to use and can view living specimens
• What is the conversion factor for millimeters to meters?


  x10⁻³ m
• What is the conversion factor for micrometers to meters?


  x10⁻⁶ m
• What is the conversion factor for nanometers to meters?

  x10⁻⁹ m
• What is the conversion factor for picometers to meters?

  x10⁻¹² m
• What happens during the cell cycle?

  A cell doubles its organelles and increases in size before mitosis occurs
• What is the function of the slime capsule in some bacteria?

  To protect the bacteria and help it adhere to surfaces
• What is the significance of the concentration gradient in diffusion?

  It drives the movement of particles from high to low concentration
• What is the importance of surface area to volume ratio in cells?

  A higher ratio allows for more efficient nutrient absorption and waste expulsion
• What is the role of mitochondria in cells?


  They are the powerhouses where respiration occurs
• What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

  They are where photosynthesis occurs
• What is the role of the cytoplasm in a cell?

  It is a jelly-like substance where chemical reactions occur
• What is the significance of cell specialization?

  Specialized cells are adapted to perform specific functions