U4L1!2

• What is enculturation?

  It is the process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values to become functioning members of their societies.
• How does socialization differ from enculturation?

  Socialization modifies an individual's behavior to conform to group expectations, while enculturation involves acquiring societal knowledge and values.
• What are the three levels of human development?

  • Vegetative Level
  • Animal Level
  • Human Level
• What characterizes the vegetative level of human development?

  This level refers to embryo and early infancy, characterized by preoccupation with food and survival.
• What is the main focus of an infant in the vegetative level?


  The main focus is survival, as the infant grabs things and brings them directly to the mouth.
• What characterizes the animal level of human development?

  This level is characterized by desires for sex and reproduction, with socialization being incomplete.
• How does the animal level compare to the vegetative level?

  The animal level involves desires for sex and reproduction, while the vegetative level focuses on survival and basic needs.
• What does the human level of development imply?

  It implies the attainment of a personality through the assimilation of behaviors, attitudes, and values necessary for societal well-being.
• What are social norms and social values?

  • Social Norms: Standards of behavior indicating right or wrong; include folkways, mores, and laws.
  • Social Values: Cultural standards indicating what is deemed desirable for organized social life.
• What are folkways?

  Folkways are customary ways of doing things that are weak forms of norms, whose violation is generally not considered serious.
• How do folkways differ from mores?

  Folkways are weak norms with less serious consequences for violation, while mores are strongly held norms with moral and ethical implications.
• What is an example of a Filipino folkway?

  Mano Po, a gesture of respect towards elders.
• What does "Po and Opo" signify in Filipino culture?

  It signifies respect used among elders in the Filipino culture.
• What does Bayanihan refer to?


  Bayanihan refers to a spirit of communal unity or effort to achieve a particular objective in Filipino culture.
• What is Harana in Filipino culture?

  Harana is an old courtship tradition of serenading women, influenced by Spanish culture.
• What does Pamamanhikan symbolize?

  Pamamanhikan symbolizes honor and respect for the parents, seeking their blessing before marriage.
• What are mores?

  Mores are special folkways with moral and ethical values that are strongly held and emphasized.
• What are laws in the context of social norms?

  Laws are formalized norms enacted by people vested with authority to reinforce mores.
• What are sanctions?

  Sanctions are penalties or means of enforcement used to provide incentives for obedience to laws or norms.
• What are informal sanctions?

  Informal sanctions come in the form of public opinion, support, or gossip.
• What are formal sanctions?

  Formal sanctions may include academic ratings, awards, promotions, or other recognitions for achievement.
• What are physical sanctions?

  Physical sanctions bring physical pain or pleasure.
• What are psychological sanctions?

  Psychological sanctions address feelings and emotions, making one feel good or bad.
• What are social values?

  Social values are cultural standards indicating what is deemed desirable for organized social life.
• What is status in a social context?

  Status refers to one's position or place in a social group, which can be ascribed or achieved.
• What is the difference between ascribed and achieved status?

  Ascribed status is assigned at birth, while achieved status is acquired through choice or effort.
• What does role refer to in a social context?

  Role refers to the functional and dynamic aspect of status, encompassing expected behaviors and cultural patterns.
• What are the forms of roles?

  • Role as Expectation: Rights, duties, and obligations of a status.
  • Role as Performance: Actual behavior while occupying a status.
  • Role Conflict: Conflicting demands from multiple statuses.
  • Role Set: Repertoire of performances towards others in a given status.
• How does socialization for sex roles occur?

  Societies categorize members into males and females, prescribing different expectations and norms of behavior for each gender.
• What are the types of social control?

  • Direct Control: Exercised by primary groups like family and peers.
  • Indirect Control: Exercised by secondary groups like traditions and institutions.
• What are the positive and negative means of social control?

  • Positive Means: Praise, prizes, fame, respect, and promotion.
  • Negative Means: Criticism, gossip, punishment, and ostracism.
• What is formal control?

  Formal control is designed and regulated by authorities like the government to maintain order.
• What is informal control?

  Informal control consists of unwritten rules and regulations characterized by informal authority.
• What is deviance?

  Deviance is defined as the recognized violation of cultural norms.
• What are the explanations for deviant behaviors?

  • Pathology: Deviance as a societal disease.
  • Biological Pathology: Deviance due to physical illness or deformities.
  • Social Disorganization: Deviance from cultural conflict.
  • Labeling: Deviance defined by others' actions.
  • Value Conflict: Deviance due to variance with group values.
• What are some common forms of deviance?

  • Homosexuality
  • Drug addiction
  • Alcoholism
  • Murder
  • Prostitution
  • Lesbianism
  • Mental Illness
• What are the modes of adaptation in response to societal goals and approved means?

  • Conformist: Accepts both goals and means.
  • Innovator: Accepts goals but rejects means.
  • Ritualist: Rejects goals but accepts means.
  • Retreatist: Rejects both goals and means.
  • Rebel: Rejects both and substitutes new goals and means.
• What is the purpose of the Philippine Constitution as stated in the preamble?


  The purpose is to build a just and humane society and establish a government that embodies ideals and aspirations.