MOD 4: NURSING THEORIES

• when did nursing theory become a major theme?

  last half of the 20th century
• two important perspectives of nursing theory?

  history and significance
• Person-centered care involves knowledge of the individual as a whole person, involving them – and where appropriate their family and friends – in helping to assess their own needs and plan their own care
• who are the client-centered theorists

  • Florence Nightingale
  • Faye Abdellah
  • Virginia Henderson
  • Dorothea Orem
  • Myra Estrin Levine
  • Martha Rogers
  • Dorothy Johnson
  • Lydia Hall
  • Rosemarie RIzzo Parse
  • Nola Pender
  • Sister Callista Roy
• Florence Nightingale is the founder of Modern Nursing and once Nurses get their license as a Registered Nurse or RN, they are invited to attend an oath taking ceremony  where the Nightingale Pledge is being recited.
• Differentiate philosophies, theories and conceptual models of nursing focusing on the client-centered theories according to the metaparadigm of nursing

  Client Centered Nursing theory
• Nursing “ the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery”
• she developed the environmental theory

  Florence Nightingale
• 5 Environmental factors

  1. Fresh air
  2. Pure water
  3. Efficient drainage
  4. sanitation/cleanliness
  5. Light and direct sunlight
• The first published nursing theory (1860)

  Nightingale's Nursing theory
• Nightingale's Nursing theory


  Persons are in relation with the environment

  Stresses the healing properties of the physical environment
• Nightingale's Nursing theory

  Nursing puts patients in the “best conditions” for nature to act upon them
• Nightingale's nursing theory

  Health is “the positive of which the pathology is the negative”
• Nightingale's nursing theory

  “Nature alone cures”
• Theory basis of NIghtingale theory

  The interrelationship of a healthful environment with nursing external influences and conditions can prevent, suppress, or contribute to disease or death
• theory goal of nightingale's theory

  Nurses help patients retain their own vitality by meeting their basic needs through control of the environment
• Nursing's focus

  Control of the environment for individuals, families and the community
• COMPONENTS OF NIGHTINGALE’S ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY

  1. Health of houses
  2. Ventilation and warming
  3. Light
  4. Nouse
  5. Variety
  6. Bed and bedding
  7. Cleanliness of rooms and walls
  8. Personal cleanliness
  9. Nutrition and taking food
  10. Chattering hopes and advices
  11. Observation of the sick
  12. Social considerations
• Person

  Referred to by nightingale as “the patient”
• Person according to Nightingale's metaparadigm


  • A human being acted upon by a nurse, or affected by the environment
  • Has reparative powers to deal with disease
  • Recovery is in the patient’s power as long as a safe environment exists
  • “the patient”
• Environment according to Nightingale's Metaparadigm

  • The foundational component of nightingale's theory
  • The external conditions and forces that affect one’s life and development
  • Includes everything from a person’s food to a nurse’s verbal and nonverbal interactions with the patient
• Health according to nightingale's metaparadigm

  • Maintained by using a person’s healing powers to their fullest extent
  • Maintained by controlling the environmental factors so as to prevent disease
  • Disease is viewed as a reparative process instituted by nature
  • Health and disease are the focus of the nurse
  • Nurses help patients through their healing process
• Nursing according to Nightingale's metaparadigm

  • Nursing education belongs in the hands of nurses
  • Nursing is a discipline distinct from medicine focusing on the patient’s reparative process rather than on their disease
• Faye Glenn Abdellah's theory

  “Nursing is based on an art and science that molds the attitudes, intellectual competencies, and technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people, sick or well, cope with their health needs.”
• 
  

  Faye Glenn Abdellah - 21 nursing problems
• In 1960, influenced by the desire to promote client-centered

  Faye Glenn Abdellah
• Abdellah described nursing as a service to individuals, to families, and, therefore to, to society
• Faye Glenn Abdellah


  she is a pioneer nursing researcher, helped transform nursing theory, nursing care and nursing education
• Faye Glenn Abdellah

  According to her, nursing is based on an art and science that mold the attitudes, intellectual competencies, and technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people, sick or well, cope with their health needs.”
• What is one of the key components of nursing as a comprehensive service?

  Recognising the nursing problems of the patient
• Why is it important for nurses to decide the appropriate course of action?

  To ensure that relevant nursing principles are applied effectively
• How does continuous care address the total needs of individuals?

  By providing ongoing support for physical, emotional, and psychological needs
• What is the purpose of providing continuous care to relieve pain and discomfort?

  To provide immediate security for the individual
• How should a nursing care plan be adjusted?

  It should be tailored to meet the patient’s individual needs
• What is one goal of helping individuals become more self-directing?

  To assist them in obtaining or maintaining a health state of mind
• How can nursing personnel and family assist individuals in their care?

  By helping them do for themselves within their limitations
• What is the role of nurses in helping individuals adjust to their limitations?

  To support them in coping with emotional problems
• How do nurses collaborate with allied health professions?

  By planning for optimum health on local, state, national, and international levels
• Why is continuous evaluation and research important in nursing?

  To improve nursing techniques and develop new methods
• Abdellah’s patient centered approach to nursing was developed inductively from her practice and is considered a human needs theory