1.6 Ionic Bonding

• How are ions formed?

  Ions are formed when atoms lose or gain electrons.
• What do metals in groups 1, 2, and 3 do to form ions?

  They lose electrons to form positive ions.
• How do non-metals in groups 5, 6, and 7 form ions?

  They gain electrons to form negative ions.
• What results from the electrostatic attractions in ionic bonding?

  Ionic bonds result from attractions between cations and anions.
• What is an example of an ionic compound?

  Sodium chloride (NaCl).
• What happens during the formation of sodium chloride?

  Sodium transfers its outer electron to chlorine, creating Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions.
• What do dot-and-cross diagrams represent?

  They represent the transfer of electrons between atoms during ionic bond formation.
• What is achieved by ions having a complete outer shell?

  It makes them stable by achieving a noble gas configuration.
• What is noble gas configuration?


  It is the electron arrangement of the nearest noble gas.
• Which noble gas configuration does Na⁺ have?

  Na⁺ has the same configuration as neon.
• Which noble gas configuration does Cl⁻ have?

  Cl⁻ has the same configuration as argon.
• What is a characteristic of transition metals regarding ion formation?

  Transition metals can form multiple ions.
• What is an example of transition metal ions?

  Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺.
• How is the formula of an ionic compound determined?

  It is determined by balancing the charges of the ions.
• What is the formula for potassium oxide?

  K₂O.
• What do giant ionic structures form?

  They form lattice structures with ions arranged in a regular pattern.
• Why are ionic compounds stable?

  They are stable due to the strong electrostatic forces between the ions.
• What are the properties of ionic compounds?

  • High melting and boiling points due to strong bonds
  • Do not conduct electricity when solid, but do when molten or dissolved
  • Brittle; can shatter under external forces
  • Usually soluble in water, but insoluble in organic solvents