C2.2

• What is a chemical property?

  A characteristic of a substance that can only be determined by studying its chemical reactions.
• How do metals and non-metals differ in terms of electron behavior?

  Metals lose electrons to form positive ions, while non-metals gain electrons to form negative ions.
• What happens when metal oxides dissolve in water?

  Metal oxides produce alkaline solutions.
• What happens when non-metal oxides dissolve in water?


  Non-metal oxides produce acidic solutions.
• What are the characteristic physical properties of metals and non-metals?

  • Metals: Malleable, ductile, conductors of heat and electricity.
  • Non-metals: Brittle, insulators of heat and electricity.
• How can you test whether an oxide is from a metal or a non-metal?


  By dissolving it in water and using a universal indicator to observe the color change.
• What color indicates a metal oxide when tested with a universal indicator?

  Blue, indicating an alkaline solution.
• What color indicates a non-metal oxide when tested with a universal indicator?

  Red, indicating an acidic solution.
• Do metals react with each other?

  No, they mix to form alloys.
• How do non-metals react with each other?

  They react to produce compounds that consist of molecules.
• Where are metal elements located in the Periodic Table?

  On the left-hand side.
• Where are non-metal elements located in the Periodic Table?

  On the right-hand side.
• What separates metals and non-metals in the Periodic Table?

  A zigzag boundary.
• What is the outermost occupied shell in an atom called?

  The outer shell.
• How are electrons arranged in atoms?

  Electrons are arranged around the nucleus in shells.
• What is a period in the Periodic Table?

  A horizontal row.
• What is a group in the Periodic Table?

  A vertical column.
• What happens to the atomic number as you move from left to right across a period?

  The atomic number increases by 1 for each element.
• What does the arrangement of electrons in a group indicate?

  The elements in a group have similar chemical properties.
• How is the electronic structure of an element related to its group number?

  The last number of the electronic structure equals the group number.
• What is the electronic structure of oxygen?

  1. 6, indicating it is in Group 6 and Period 2 with an atomic number of 8.
• What do Group 1 elements have in their outermost shell?

  1 electron.
• Why do all elements want to have full outermost shells?


  To achieve stability.
• What is an ion?

  An electrically charged particle formed when an atom loses or gains electrons.
• How do metal atoms form ions?

  By losing electrons to form positive ions.
• How do non-metal atoms form ions?

  By gaining electrons to form negative ions.
• What remains unchanged when an atom forms an ion?

  The numbers of protons and neutrons.
• How can you determine an ion's electronic structure?

  By knowing the electronic structure of the original atom and the number of electrons lost or gained.
• What happens to the electronic structure of sodium when it forms a sodium ion?

  It loses its outer electron, resulting in an electronic structure of 2.8.
• How does a chloride ion form?

  When a chlorine atom gains one electron to complete its outer shell.
• Why are atoms and ions with full outer shells stable?

  Because they have a stable electronic structure and are unreactive.
• What does an electron diagram represent?

  • The electronic structure of an atom or ion.
  • Circles represent each shell.
  • Dots or crosses represent electrons.
  • Ions are shown in brackets with the charge at the top right.
• What is a giant ionic lattice?

  • A regular arrangement of positive and negative ions in solid ionic compounds.
  • Held together by strong ionic bonds acting in all directions.
• What are ionic bonds?


  Strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions.
• How can ionic compounds be represented?

  • Space-filling models.
  • Ball-and-stick models.
  • Dot-and-cross diagrams.
• What is the property of ionic solids regarding melting points?

  Ionic solids have high melting points due to their giant lattice structure.
• Do ionic solids conduct electricity when solid?

  No, they do not conduct electricity when solid.
• When do ionic compounds conduct electricity?


  When molten, as ions are free to move.
• What is a covalent bond?

  A shared pair of electrons between two non-metals.
• How can covalent bonds be modeled?

  Using dot-and-cross diagrams.