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Cards (42)
What are the four main classes of biological molecules introduced in this lecture?
Carbohydrates
, lipids,
nucleic acids
, and proteins
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What is the significance of complex biological macromolecules being composed of smaller biomolecules?
It highlights the
hierarchical structure
of biological systems and their
functions
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How can aldose and ketose sugars be distinguished?
Aldose sugars contain an
aldehyde
group, while ketose sugars contain a
ketone
group
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What is the formation process of ring structures in monosaccharides?
In aqueous solution, the
carbonyl
group reacts with a hydroxyl group to form a
ring
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What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in monosaccharides?
The
molecular formula
is often
C
n
H
2
n
O
n
C_nH_{2n}O_n
C
n
H
2
n
O
n
where
n
n
n
= 3, 4, 5, or
6
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What is the most common isomer of glucose?
glucose
(
dextrose
)
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What are epimers in the context of monosaccharides?
Epimers are
stereoisomers
that differ in configuration at a single
asymmetric
carbon
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How do the α- and β-forms of glucose differ when in ring structure?
They differ in the position of the hydroxyl group attached to carbon 1
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What type of bond forms between monosaccharides to create complex carbohydrates?
Glycosidic
bonds
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What are the two types of linkages in polysaccharides?
α-1,4 linkage
and
β-1,4 linkage
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What is the role of starch and glycogen in living organisms?
They act as
energy storage
molecules
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How do sugars modify and link to lipids or proteins?
They can form complex
oligosaccharides
that act as recognition molecules on
cell surfaces
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What defines lipids in terms of solubility?
Lipids are
water-insoluble
(
hydrophobic
) but soluble in organic solvents
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What are the monomeric building blocks of triacylglycerols and glycerophospholipids?
Fatty acids
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How do the length and structural formula of fatty acids affect their properties?
They determine the
shape
and
melting point
of the fatty acid
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What is the structure of triacylglycerols?
They are formed by
ester linkages
between
fatty acids
and glycerol
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What is the role of glycerophospholipids in cells?
They form
cell membranes
and are
amphipathic
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How does cholesterol function in animal cell membranes?
It
modulates
membrane fluidity by inserting between
glycerophospholipids
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What are the two types of nucleic acids?
Ribonucleic acid (
RNA
) and deoxyribonucleic acid (
DNA
)
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What are the building blocks of RNA and DNA?
Nucleotides
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What are the components of a
nucleotide
?
A
nucleotide
consists of a
pentose sugar
, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group
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What are the
nitrogenous
bases found in
nucleotides
?
Cytosine,
thymine
, uracil, adenine, and
guanine
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How are nucleotides joined together in DNA?
They are joined by
phosphodiester
bonds
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What is the function of ATP in cells?
ATP
carries chemical energy in its
phosphoanhydride
bonds
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What roles do proteins play in the body?
Proteins carry out mechanical, structural, and
transport
functions, and act as
enzymes
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How many amino acids are common to all living organisms?
20
amino acids
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What determines the unique structure of each protein?
The information in the
DNA
sequence of the
gene
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What is the significance of side chains in amino acids?
Side chains determine the
properties
of amino acids and how
proteins
fold
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What type of bond links amino acids in polypeptides?
Peptide
bonds
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How do interactions of side chains affect protein folding?
They determine how proteins fold into their
functional shapes
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What are the main functions of proteins in the body?
Mechanical
functions
Structural
roles
Transport
functions
Enzymatic
activity (biological catalysts)
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What is the basic structure of an amino acid?
Central
carbon atom
Amino
group (-NH2)
Carboxyl
group (-COOH)
Hydrogen
atom
Variable side chain
(R group)
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What are the characteristics of hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids?
Hydrophilic:
Water-soluble
, often charged or
polar
side chains
Hydrophobic:
Water-insoluble
,
non-polar
side chains
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What is the significance of the peptide bond in proteins?
Links
amino acids
together
Forms the
backbone
of
polypeptides
Side chains are not involved in peptide
bonding
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What are the types of lipids and their functions?
Triacylglycerols
:
Energy storage
Glycerophospholipids
: Form
cell membranes
Steroids:
Hormonal
functions and
membrane fluidity
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What are the key differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA: Double-stranded, contains
thymine
,
deoxyribose
sugar
RNA:
Single-stranded
, contains uracil,
ribose
sugar
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What is the role of cholesterol in cell membranes?
Modulates membrane fluidity
Inserts between glycerophospholipids
Necessary for animal cell membrane structure
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What are the types of isomers in monosaccharides?
Optical
isomers (enantiomers)
Epimers
: differ at one asymmetric carbon
Structural
isomers: differ in the arrangement of atoms
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What is the significance of glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates?
Link
monosaccharides
to form disaccharides and
polysaccharides
Determine the
structure
and
function
of carbohydrates
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What are the properties of fatty acids that affect their function?
Length
of carbon chain
Saturation
(saturated vs. unsaturated)
Determines
melting
point and
shape
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See all 42 cards
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