🩵 NERVOUS LAB

• What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

  Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• What is the organization of the nervous system?

  • Central Nervous System (CNS)
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
  • Sensory Division
  • Motor Division
  • Somatic Nervous System
  • Autonomic Nervous System
  • Sympathetic
  • Parasympathetic
• What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?

  The brain and spinal cord
• What is the role of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

  It is the integrating and control center of the nervous system
• How does the CNS interpret sensory input?

  It dictates motor output based on reflexes, current conditions, and past experience
• What does the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consist of?

  Nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord, and ganglia
• What is the function of spinal nerves in the PNS?

  They carry impulses to and from the spinal cord
• What is the function of cranial nerves in the PNS?


  They carry impulses to and from the brain
• What is the primary function of the nervous system?

  To monitor changes inside and outside the body
• What are the three main functions of the nervous system?

  1. Sensory input: Monitors changes in the environment
  2. Integration: Processes and interprets sensory input
  3. Motor output: Activates effector organs to cause a response
• What does the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system promote?

  Maintenance functions and conserves body energy
• What is the primary function of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

  To mobilize the body during activity
• What are the key characteristics of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions?

  • Parasympathetic:
  • Sites of origin: Craniosacral
  • Long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers
  • Ganglia located near visceral effector organs
  • Functional role: "Rest and digest"

  
  

  • Sympathetic:
  • Sites of origin: Thoracolumbar
  • Short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers
  • Ganglia lie close to the spinal cord
  • Functional role: "Fight or flight"
• What are the effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems on the eye?

  • Parasympathetic effect: Constricts pupils
  • Sympathetic effect: Dilates pupils
• What are the effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems on the heart?

  • Parasympathetic effect: Decreases heart rate
  • Sympathetic effect: Increases heart rate and force of heartbeat
• What are the effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems on the digestive tract?

  • Parasympathetic effect: Increases motility and secretion
  • Sympathetic effect: Decreases activity and constricts sphincters
• What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?


  A clear, colorless liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord
• What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

  It protects the brain, nourishes it, and carries chemical signals
• How much cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is replaced in adults every 8 hours?

  About 150 ml
• What condition is caused by obstructed CSF circulation?

  Hydrocephalus
• How is hydrocephalus treated?

  By inserting a shunt to drain excess fluid
• What is the circulatory pattern of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

  1. Produced by the choroid plexus in each ventricle
  2. Flows through the ventricles to the subarachnoid space
  3. Flows through the subarachnoid space
  4. Absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via arachnoid granulations
• How is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) formed by the choroid plexus?

  • Consists of porous capillaries surrounded by ependymal cells
  • Fluid leaks from capillaries and is processed by ependymal cells to form CSF
• What is the total daily production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

  About 500 ml
• What is strictly prohibited without prior written permission of SLU?

  Reproduction, storing, distributing, uploading, or transmitting any part of the document
• What is the structure of each choroid plexus?

  • Consists of a knot of porous capillaries
  • Surrounded by a single layer of ependymal cells
  • Ependymal cells are joined by tight junctions and bear long cilia
• How is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) formed?

  Fluid leaking from porous capillaries is processed by ependymal cells to form CSF in the ventricles
• What are the major parts of the brain stem?

  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata
• What percentage of total brain mass does the brain stem account for?

  1. 5%
• What behaviors does the brain stem produce?

  Rigidly programmed, automatic behaviors necessary for survival
• Where is the brain stem positioned?

  Between the cerebrum and the spinal cord
• How many pairs of cranial nerves are associated with the brain stem?

  10 of the 12 pairs
• What are the functions of the midbrain?


  • Contains visual and auditory reflex centers
  • Contains subcortical motor centers
  • Contains nuclei for cranial nerves III and IV
• What is the location of the midbrain?


  Between the diencephalon and pons
• What do the superior colliculi and inferior colliculi in the midbrain control?

  Visual and auditory reflexes, respectively
• What is the function of the nuclei in the midbrain related to cranial nerves III and IV?

  Provide motor impulses that control movements of the eyeball
• What are the functions of the pons?

  • Relays information from the cerebrum to the cerebellum
  • Cooperates with medullary respiratory centers to control respiratory rate and depth
  • Contains nuclei for cranial nerves V–VIII
• What is the composition of the pons?

  Composed of conduction tracts
• What sensory impulses do the nuclei in the pons receive from cranial nerve V?

  Somatic sensations from the head and face
• What do the nuclei in the pons control via cranial nerve VI?

  Eyeball movement