ITP 8 - MOTIVATION & EMOTION

• Motivation is the driving force behind human behavior. It answers the question of “why” we act in certain ways.
• Motivation provides

  1. Direction
  2. Energy
  3. Emotion
• Drive Reduction Theory is based on the idea that biological needs create a state of tension or arousal in the body, which motivates individuals to take action to reduce that tension and restore balance (homeostasis).
• Who is the proponent of Drive Reduction Theory?

  Clark Hull
• Expectancy Theory posits that motivation is influenced by the belief that effort will lead to a desired outcome. Individuals are motivated to act based on the expectation that their behavior will lead to a reward that is personally valuable.
• Who is the proponent of Expectancy Theory?

  Victor Vroom
• Incentive Theory emphasizes that external rewards or incentives drive motivation. Behavior is guided by the expectation of obtaining something desirable, such as money, praise, or pleasure.
• Who is the proponent of Incentive Theory?

  B.F. Skinner
• Arousal Theory states that people are motivated to achieve a balance of arousal. Individuals are constantly seeking an optimal level of arousal for peak performance.
• When arousal levels are low, people may feel lethargic or bored.
• The optimal level of arousal is at which people perform best.
• High arousal can lead to anxiety or stress.
• Who is the proponent of Arousal Theory?

  Henry Murray
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs suggests that individuals are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to higher-level growth needs.
• The hierarchy of needs is typically represented as a pyramid, with deficiency needs at the bottom and growth needs at the top.
• Deficiency needs are needs that arise from deprivation, and satisfying them is essential for survival and psychological well-being.
• Under deficiency needs are

  1. Physiological needs
  2. Safety needs
  3. Love and belonging needs
  4. Esteem needs
• Physiological Needs - Basic necessities such as food, water, sleep, and shelter. (Maslow's Hierarchy)
• Safety Needs - The need for security, stability, and protection from physical and emotional harm. (Maslow's Hierarchy)
• Love and Belonging Needs - The need for relationships, affection, and social connections (family, friends, community). (Maslow's Hierarchy)
• Esteem Needs - The need for respect, self-esteem, and self-confidence.
• Esteem for oneself - Feelings of self-worth, confidence, and mastery.
• Esteem for others - The need for respect, recognition, and appreciation from others.
• Growth needs are needs promote personal development and self-fulfillment. They emerge once deficiency needs are satisfied.
• Under growth needs are

  1. Cognitive needs
  2. Aesthetic needs
  3. Self-actualization
  4. Transcendence
• Cognitive Needs - The desire for knowledge, understanding, and exploration. (Maslow's Hierarchy)
• Aesthetic Needs - The need for beauty, balance, and artistic experiences. (Maslow's Hierarchy)
• Self-Actualization - The desire to achieve one’s full potential and personal growth. (Maslow's Hierarchy)
• Transcendence - The motivation to help others reach self-actualization, moving beyond personal needs to focus on the well-being of others. (Maslow's Hierarchy)
• Who is the proponent of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

  Abraham Maslow
• Hedonism Theory is the idea that people are motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain.
• Emotion is a feeling state that typically involves three interconnected components.
• Three components of emotions

  1. Event
  2. Physiological change
  3. Thought
• Which theory is this: "We see a snake, our heart races, and we then feel fear because of that bodily response"?

  James-Lange Theory
• James-Lange Theory

  1. Event
  2. Physiological reaction
  3. Interpretation
  4. Emotion
• Which theory is this: "Seeing the snake causes the brain to trigger the feeling of fear and the body's reaction (racing heart) at the same moment."?

  Cannon-Bard Theory
• Cannon-Bard Theory

  1. Event
  2. Physiological reaction and emotion
• Which theory is this: "If we see the snake and appraise it as dangerous, we feel fear. If we appraise it as harmless, we feel calm."?

  Lazarus Cognitive Appraisal Theory
• Lazarus' Cognitive Appraisal

  1. Event
  2. Thought
  3. Physiological reaction and emotion