the heart

• deoxygenated blood carries blood...?

  to the lungs
• oxygenated blood carries blood...?

  to the rest of the body
• How does oxygenated blood travel around the body?

  • blood flows by the vena cava to the pulmonary vein
  • then goes to the left atrium
  • then left ventricle push
  • then aorta
• how is deoxygenated blood travel around the body?

  Blood moves into the right atrium

  then into the right ventricle

  and is pumped into the pulmonary artery

  which then carries deoxygenated blood
• what are pacemaker cells ?

  they help the blood contract, in the cases in which it doesn't work properly so its artificially put in place
• how to calculate blood flow?

  blood flown / time taken
• how are arteries adapted to their function?

  carries blood away from the heart and have thick muscular walls to withstand the high pressure blood that they carry and have elastic walls to pump and accommodate blood
• how are veins adapted?

  carries blood to the heart and have this, less muscular walls, they carry blood at low pressure and they have valves that prevent the backflow of blood.
• how are capillaries adapted?

  the walls are only one cell thick which allow molecules to easily diffuse through
• Cardiovascular disease produces cholesterol which causes fatty build up in the artery and if there is too much fatty build up in the artery then the blood cannot go through the artery properly.
• How to fix cardiovascular?

  stent - a mesh tube inserted in the artery to open it up so that it can flow properly . Benefit - doesn't take long and last long

  weakness-blood can clot near the stent and surgery is complicated

  statin - is a drug that helps

  • rescues cholesterol
  • caused side effects like liver damage
• how to calculation cardiac output?

  cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
• How is alveoli adapted to it's function?

  • Large surface area - which maximises gas exchange
  • Their walls are one cell thick providing a short diffusion distance
  • its supplied with blood cappilaries to ensure efficient gas exchange
• name and adaptation of red blood cells?

  • no nucleus to allow room for haemoglobin
  • large diameter to maximise gas exchange
  • biconcave shape to create a larger surface area to maximise diffusion.
  • carries oxygen to the cells
• what is the function of the plasma ?

  to transport dissolved substances.
• How are white blood cells adapted to their function?

  they destroy foreign cells like microorganisms that cause disease
• How are phagocytes and lymphocytes adapted to their function?

  1. Phagocytes change shape to engulf the microbes to digest them
  2. lymphocytes produces antibodies, attach them to microbes to destroy them
• How are platelets adapted to their function?

  they gather around cuts and produce tiny fibres to trap the red blood cells and cause them to form a scab