health and disease

• what is a communicable disease?

  caused by pathogens and can be passed on
• What is a non- communicable disease?

  are not caused by pathogens
• How does the immune system react to disease?

  antigens
• what are physical and chemical barriers?

  stomach acid - contains hydrochloric acid which is strong enough to kill the pathogen

  Skin - covers every part of your body to prevent entry of pathogens.
• how do antibiotics work?

  it works against a specific type of bacteria and damages them by inhabiting their cellular process
• stages of development in antibiotics?

  1. test on human cells in a lad to find out its efficiency
  2. then they test it on lab rats to text how toxic it is
  3. clinical - healthy volunteers to make sure there's no side effects
  4. bring in people with the sickness to see if it works
  5. give one group of volunteers a placebo and a real thing to see how the drug works on your subconscious
  6. approved by the agency.
• How are cilia and mucus adapted in the trachea ?

  cilia helps defend your body against the entry of pathogens as the "hairs " are used brush the pathogens along.

  mucus helps trap any pathogens
• how do viruses attack the immune system?


  vrius attatches to the host cell

  virus injects genetic material into the host cell

  host cells produce viral components and a new virus is assmebelled

  a host cell releases new viruses which complete the cycle
• describe the lysogenic pathway?

  virus attaches to a host cell

  the virus injects genetic material into the host cell

  viral dna enters host cells genome but doesn't case immeadiate harm

  the host cell divides and replicates viral dna into each daughter cell

  an environmental triggers can cause a switch to the lyctic cycle
• what is cholera cause by and how can you treat it?

  caused by a pathogen and it transmitted by dirty water or food and can be cured by antibiotics , but can be treated by ensuring food is clean
• how are stomach ulcers caused and how do you treat them?

  caused by dirty food or water and and be treated by antibiotics
• how is TB caused and how can it be treated ?

  its caused by bacteria and is airborne can by cured using long term antibiotics
• how do plants use their chemical defences ?

  physically - they have a waxy cuticle which covers the leaves and stems / cellulose in the cell wall

  
  

  chemically - antimicrobial substances that can kill

  
  

  mechanical - hairs or thorns to prevent eating or touching
• what are antibodies

  small proteins that lock on antigens and tells white blood cells to destroy them
• what do phagocytes do?

  bind to pathogens and engulf them
• what is a vaccination and how do they work

  weakened versions of pathogens

  they give you a small dose of that vaccine so that your body would produce antibodies against it as it normally would

  which builds immunity to the disease as your body is able to fight it if it attacks you again
• what is cardiovascular disease

  a conorary disease where lumen is narrow and oxygen cannot flow through
• what is stent

  a tube that keeps the artery open so that oxygen can flow through

  adv: surgery is quick and it lasts a while

  disadv : requires surgery
• what is statin

  medicine that alters cholesterol balance

  Adv: doesn't require surgery

  disadv: takes a long time to see results