1.6 - Electrons in Energy Levels

• quantum shell

  same as electron shells

  they specify the energy level of an electron

  s,p,d,f
• orbital

  a region in an atom that can hold up to 2 electrons with opposite spins
• electronic configuration

  shows number of electrons in each sublevel in each energy level of the atom
• what defines each orbital

  energy level

  shape

  direction in space
• how shape and direction of orbitals are found

  by calculating the probability of finding an electron at any point in an atom
• heisenberg's uncertainty principle

  you cannot determine the position and momentum of an electron at the same time
• aufbau principle

  electrons enter the lowest available energy level
• hund's rule of maximum multiplicity

  when in orbitals of equal energy, electrons will try to remain unpaired
• pauli's exclusion principle

  no two electrons can have the same quantum number

  (an orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons with opposite spins)
• how many electrons does the s subshell hold

  2 electrons
• how many electrons does the p subshell hold

  6 electrons
• how many electrons does the d subshell hold

  10 electrons
• how many electrons does the f subshell hold

  14 electrons
• s-orbitals

  contains 1 orbital

  maximum of 2 electrons

  occurs in every energy level

  
• p-orbitals

  3 orbitals

  maximum of 6 electrons

  occurs in energy levels 2 and onwards

  
• d-orbitals

  5 orbitals

  can hold 10 electrons

  occurs in energy levels 3 and orwards