L4

• What is the focus of Lecture 4 in PSYC 112?

  Social and Moral Development
• What are the key components of social development?


  • Forming bonds with people
  • Learning to behave in socially acceptable ways
  • Learning to be good friends and allies
  • Learning to deal with adversaries
• How does John Bowlby define attachment?

  Attachment is an emotional and social bond between infant and caregiver that spans both time and space.
• What should students do if they have not taken PSYC 111 regarding attachment?

  Familiarise themselves with the concept of attachment in the Passer & Smith textbook.
• What are the main theories contributing to achieving social development?


  • Social Learning Theory
  • Cognitive Developmental Theory
  • Parental influence
  • Peer relationships
• What are the aspects of emotional development discussed in the lecture?


  • Expressing emotions
  • Understanding others’ feelings
  • Emotional regulation
• What are basic emotions described in emotional development?


  Basic emotions are present from early on.
• How do infants manage emotional regulation?


  Infants are reliant on adults to soothe them.
• What governs the degree to which emotions need to be regulated in a given situation?


  Display rules govern the degree to which emotions need to be regulated.
• What constitutes moral behavior according to the lecture?

  • Behavior that conforms to a generally accepted set of rules
  • Not doing wrong
  • Doing right
• What is the Principle of Minimal Sufficiency in moral development?


  It refers to the internalization of rules guided by minimal consequences.
• Who studied moral development and what was the age range of the subjects?

  Lawrence Kohlberg studied boys aged between 10 and 17 years.
• What scenario did Kohlberg present to study moral reasoning?

  • Heinz’s wife is dying of cancer.
  • The medication is too expensive for Heinz.
  • The moral dilemma is whether Heinz should steal the drug.
• What are the stages of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?

  1. Preconventional Level

  • Stage 1: Punishment and obedience
  • Stage 2: Instrumental hedonism

  1. Conventional Level

  • Stage 3: Maintaining good relations
  • Stage 4: Maintaining social order

  1. Post-Conventional Level

  • Stage 5: Social contracts
  • Stage 6: Universal ethical principles
• What characterizes the Preconventional Level of moral development?


  Behavior is based on external sanctions, such as authority and punishment.
• What is the focus of the Conventional Level in Kohlberg's theory?

  It includes an understanding that the social system has an interest in people’s behavior.
• What defines the Post-Conventional Level of moral development?

  Moral rules have underlying principles that apply to all situations and societies.
• What are some critiques of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?

  • Effect of wording changes on response
  • Stages may not be coherent entities but reflect a progression
  • Cultural and gender biases
  • Correlation between moral reasoning and moral conduct