Lesson 3 +4

• branch of mathematics which deals with the collection, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of numerical data which may be used or prediction or verification of relationships among variables

  statistics
• data gathering or collection may be one through interview, questionnaires, tests, observation, registration, and experiments
• refers to the organization of data into tables, graphs, charts, or even paragraphs.

  presentation of data
• pertains to the process of extracting from the given data relevant and noteworthy information and this uses statistical tools or techniques

  analysis of data
• refers to the drawing of conclusions or inferences from the analyzed data

  interpretation of data
• measurements that are collected from the original information


  raw data
• concerned with the gathering, classification, and presentation of data and the collection of summarizing values to describe the group characteristics of the data


  descriptive statistics
• demands a higher order o critical judgement and mathematical methods


  inferential statistics
• In inferential statistics, conclusions on the important characteristics apply to a large set of data called the?


  population
• the subset or a representative group of the conclusions is called?


  sample
• descriptive measure of the population


  parameter
• a descriptive measure of a sample is called?


  statistic
• characteristic of interest measurable on each individual of the universe

  variable
• process of drawing the sample from a population

  sampling
• are those which change in quantity

  quantitative variables
• are those which change in quality

  qualitative variables
• one of the most effective methods o collecting original data

  direct or interview method
• one of the easiest methods of data gathering

  indirect or questionnaire method
• respondents provide information in compliance with certain laws, rules, etc.

  registration method
• utilized to gather data regarding attitudes, behavior, values, and cultural patterns of the samples under investigation

  observation method
• this method is applied to collect data i the investigator wants to control the actors affecting the variable being studied

  experiment method
• is employed if the questions to be asked are brief and few

  telephone interview
• involves selecting a sample size from a population size so that each member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample.

  probability or random sampling
• this is wherein not all members o the population are given equal chances to be chosen

  non-probability or non-random sampling
• takes a small, random portion o the entire population to represent the entire data set


  simple random sampling
• also used when the group is homogenous. It starts from a random point but with a fixed, periodic interval

  systematic sampling
• is used when the group is heterogenous where the selection of samples are divided into categories or strata

  stratified random sampling
• most suitable to use when the population is spread out over a wide area. Divided into several relatively small areas

  cluster sampling
• has a limited number of samples in proportion to some characteristic or trait of a population

  quota sampling
• is a sampling done according to a certain purpose

  purposive sampling
• a sampling method where the sample is taken from a group of people easy to contact or to reach

  convenience sampling
• a sampling method where assigning numbers to each member of the population is seen

  lottery sampling
• a sampling method wherein the selection of each member of the population is left adequately to chance

  table of random numbers
• are a set of facts and provide a partial picture of reality

  data
• combines texts and figures

  textual presentation
• systematically arranges figures in columns and rows

  tabular presentation
• interpret quantitative data visually

  graphical presentation
• present data on the x and y aces and are used to investigate an association between two variables

  scatter plots
• used to indicate and compare values in a discrete category or group

  bar graph
• used to compare the sum of each category an analyze parts of a category

  stack vertical bar graph