cell biology

    Cards (169)

    • What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?
      It controls cell activities and contains DNA for protein synthesis.
    • What is the function of the cytoplasm?
      It is where chemical reactions take place.
    • What does the cell membrane do?
      It controls what goes in and out of the cell and is partially permeable.
    • What are ribosomes responsible for?
      They make proteins from amino acids.
    • How do mitochondria function in a cell?
      They release energy by respiration.
    • What is the composition of the plant cell wall?
      It is made of cellulose.
    • What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
      They contain chlorophyll to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis.
    • What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
      Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
    • What is the role of circular DNA in prokaryotic cells?
      It controls cell activities and makes proteins.
    • What is the approximate size of an animal cell?
      About 10 micrometers.
    • What is the approximate size of a plant cell?
      About 50 micrometers.
    • What is the approximate size of a prokaryotic cell?
      About 5 micrometers.
    • What is cell differentiation and specialization?
      • Process where undifferentiated cells become specialized cells.
      • In animals: nerve cells, muscle cells, sperm cells.
      • In plants: xylem, phloem, root hair cells.
    • What happens to specialized cells in animals when they divide?
      They usually repair and replace existing cells.
    • What is the function of dendrites in a nerve cell?
      They connect to other nerve cells.
    • What is the role of the axon in a nerve cell?

      It carries impulses around the body.
    • What is the function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?
      It contains enzymes for penetrating the egg cell membrane.
    • What is the function of muscle cells?
      They contract to allow movement of the body.
    • What is the composition of xylem cells?
      They are dead cells with no cytoplasm and contain lignin for support.
    • What is the role of phloem cells?
      They transport sugars and have living cells with little cytoplasm.
    • What is the function of root hair cells?
      They absorb water and mineral ions with a large surface area.
    • What are the differences between light microscopes and electron microscopes?
      • Light microscopes: low magnification, low resolving power.
      • Electron microscopes: high magnification, high resolving power.
      • Electron microscopes provide higher resolution images.
    • What are the units used to measure sizes in microscopy?
      Millimeters, micrometers, and nanometers.
    • How do you convert millimeters to micrometers?
      Multiply by 1000.
    • How do you convert micrometers to nanometers?
      Multiply by 1000.
    • How do you calculate magnification?
      Magnification = size of image / size of real object.
    • What is the cell cycle and its stages?
      • Stage 1: Cell growth and replication of organelles.
      • Stage 2: Mitosis, where chromosomes are separated.
      • Stage 3: Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two cells.
    • What are stem cells?
      They are undifferentiated cells that can develop into specialized cells.
    • What is the result of fertilization in terms of cell development?
      It results in a small ball of undifferentiated cells.
    • What is the significance of embryonic stem cells?
      They have the potential to differentiate into any cell type.
    • What is the main characteristic of specialized cells?
      They cannot differentiate into any other type of cell once specialized.
    • What happens to the cell during stage two of the cell cycle?
      The cell grows and increases the number of subcellular structures.
    • What is formed when DNA replicates during stage two?
      Two copies of each chromosome.
    • What is the key event that occurs during mitosis?
      The chromosomes line up along the center and are pulled to each end of the cell.
    • What occurs during stage three of the cell cycle?
      The cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form two genetically identical cells.
    • How are the two new cells formed during cell division related to the parent cell?
      They are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell.
    • What are the four key points to remember about cell division?
      • The cell grows and increases subcellular structures.
      • DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome.
      • Chromosomes line up and are pulled to each end of the cell.
      • Cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form two identical cells.
    • What are embryonic stem cells?
      Stem cells that are undifferentiated and can differentiate into most other cell types.
    • How are embryonic stem cells used in medical research?
      They can be cloned and used to differentiate into specialized cells for treatment.
    • Where can adult stem cells be commonly found?
      In bone marrow.