Observations

• What are the two main types of observational techniques?

  Naturalistic and controlled observation.
• What is required to achieve full marks in comparative questions?

  Use comparative terminology explicitly to make a comparison.
• What are the two main types of observational techniques mentioned?

  Naturalistic and controlled observation.
• What are the two types of observation based on the observer's involvement?

  Participant and non-participant observation.
• What are the four types of observation listed?

  Covert, overt, participant, and non-participant observation.
• What is meant by observational design in research?

  It involves defining behavioral categories, event sampling, and time sampling.
• What is the goal of observational studies?

  To observe and record behaviors without manipulating variables.
• What is the difference between covert and overt observation?

  In overt observation, subjects are aware they are being observed.
• What are the two main types of observational techniques?

  Naturalistic and controlled observation.
• What are the two types of observation based on the observer's involvement?

  Participant and non-participant observation.
• What is the difference between covert and overt observation?

  In overt observation, subjects are aware they are being observed.
• What is participant observation?

  An observation where the researcher is also a participant in the study.
• What is meant by behavioral categories in observational design?

  They are predefined criteria used to classify observed behaviors.
• What is event sampling in observational studies?

  Recording specific events or behaviors as they occur.
• What is time sampling in observational studies?

  Observing and recording behaviors at predetermined time intervals.
• What is the goal of observational studies?

  To observe and record behaviors without manipulating variables.
• Who conducted research observing chimpanzees in East Africa?

  Jane Goodall.
• What was the focus of Goodall's research on chimpanzees?

  Child-rearing, bonding, family structure, and social behaviors.
• What is participant observation?

  An observation where the researcher is also a participant in the study.
• How does naturalistic observation differ from controlled observation?

  Naturalistic observation occurs in the participants' own environment.
• What is the definition of overt observation?

  Subjects are aware they are being observed.
• What is the definition of covert observation?

  Subjects are unaware they are being observed.
• What is structured observation?

  It uses predetermined categories to record specific behaviors systematically.
• What is unstructured observation?

  A flexible approach where all relevant behavior is recorded without predetermined categories.
• What is meant by observational design in research?

  It involves planning how to categorize and sample behaviors during observation.
• What are behavioral categories in observational design?

  They are specific behaviors that researchers aim to observe and record.
• What is event sampling in observational studies?

  It involves recording specific events or behaviors as they occur.
• What is time sampling in observational studies?

  It involves observing and recording behaviors at predetermined time intervals.
• What is the goal of observational studies?

  To observe and record behaviors without manipulating variables.
• How did Goodall conduct her observational study?

  She observed chimpanzees in their natural environment in East Africa.
• What is participant observation?

  It is when the researcher actively participates in the group being studied.
• How does a naturalistic observation differ from a controlled observation?

  Naturalistic observation occurs in the participant's own environment without intervention.
• What is one strength and one limitation of non-participant observation?

  Strength: Reduces researcher bias; Limitation: May miss context of behaviors.
• Why is it important to note that there is no IV in controlled observations?

  Because controlled observations do not manipulate variables but rather observe them.
• Who conducted the Strange Situation study?

  Mary Ainsworth.
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of different types of observational methods?

  Strengths:

  • Naturalistic: High ecological validity.
  • Controlled: Allows manipulation of variables.
  • Participant: In-depth understanding of the group.

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Naturalistic: Lack of control over variables.
  • Controlled: May lack ecological validity.
  • Participant: Researcher bias may affect results.
• What distinguishes naturalistic observation from controlled observation?

  Naturalistic observation occurs in the participants' own environment without interference.
• What is overt observation?

  It is when subjects are aware they are being observed.
• What is covert observation?

  It is when subjects are unaware they are being observed.
• What is structured observation?

  It uses predetermined categories or checklists to record specific behaviors systematically.